{"count":85,"peptides":[{"slug":"5-amino-1mq","name":"5-Amino-1MQ","peptide_class":"NNMT Inhibitor (small molecule)","classification":"NNMT inhibitor · Methylation / SAM modulation","categories":["weight-management","methylation","nnmt","small-molecule"],"color":"cyan","summary":"Selective small-molecule inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), an enzyme overexpressed in obesity that consumes SAM while methylating nicotinamide, indirectly lowering NAD+ salvage. Inhibition has been reported to raise cellular SAM and NAD+. Listed for class completeness; not a peptide. Animal studies (Neelakantan 2018) showed reversal of high-fat-diet-induced obesity in mice.","summary_cite":["neelakantan-2018-namq"],"evidence_level":"animal-strong","maturity":"auto-drafted","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":38,"cited_claims":9,"uncited_claims":29,"citation_density":9,"citation_ratio":0.24}},{"slug":"ace-031","name":"ACE-031","peptide_class":"Activin Receptor IIB Decoy","classification":"ActRIIB-Fc Fusion · Phase 2 Halted","categories":["myostatin-inhibitor","tgf-beta-ligand-trap","muscle-growth","halted-clinical"],"color":"rose","summary":"Dimeric fusion protein combining soluble activin receptor IIB fragment with Fc domain of human IgG1. Acts as decoy receptor for myostatin, GDF11, and other TGF-β superfamily ligands, preventing binding to endogenous ActRIIB and disinhibiting skeletal muscle growth. Phase 2 trial in Duchenne muscular dystrophy discontinued in 2011 due to safety signals including epistaxis, telangiectasia, and vascular abnormalities. Not pharmaceutically approved; circulates on black market as research chemical.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"phase-2","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":44,"cited_claims":10,"uncited_claims":34,"citation_density":10,"citation_ratio":0.23}},{"slug":"adamax","name":"Adamax","peptide_class":"ACTH(4-10) Analogue","classification":"ACTH(4-10) Analogue · Russian Nootropic","categories":["nootropic","neuroprotective","acth-derived","research"],"color":"purple","summary":"Synthetic ACTH(4-10) analogue developed in Russia, structurally related to Semax but with distinct amino acid modifications at positions 8-10. Investigated primarily in Russian-language literature for cognitive enhancement, neuroprotection, and BDNF upregulation. Animal studies demonstrate modulation of hippocampal BDNF/trkB signaling, normalization of circadian rhythms, and attenuation of stress-related behavioral alterations. Limited human data exists; most evidence derives from rodent models.","summary_cite":["dolotov-2006","glazova-2021","arushanian-2008"],"evidence_level":"animal-strong","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":47,"cited_claims":20,"uncited_claims":27,"citation_density":26,"citation_ratio":0.43}},{"slug":"adipotide","name":"Adipotide","peptide_class":"Pro-apoptotic Vascular-Targeting Peptide","classification":"Pro-apoptotic Vascular-Targeting Peptide · Preclinical Only","categories":["anti-obesity","vascular-targeting","apoptosis-inducer","preclinical"],"color":"rose","summary":"Chimeric pro-apoptotic peptide targeting prohibitin-1 (PHB1) on adipose-tissue vasculature endothelium. Composed of a CKGGRAKDC homing domain coupled to a D(KLAKLAK)₂ mitochondrial-disrupting sequence. Induces selective apoptosis of adipose blood vessels, triggering adipocyte involution and weight loss in obese rhesus monkeys and rodent models. No human trials initiated.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"animal-strong","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":49,"cited_claims":15,"uncited_claims":34,"citation_density":15,"citation_ratio":0.31}},{"slug":"ahk-cu","name":"AHK-Cu","peptide_class":"Tripeptide-Copper Complex","classification":"Tripeptide-Copper Complex · Cosmetic","categories":["copper-peptide","hair-growth","wound-healing","topical"],"color":"teal","summary":"Tripeptide copper complex composed of alanine-histidine-lysine bound to Cu²⁺. Structurally analogous to GHK-Cu but with alanine substitution at position 1. Investigated primarily for hair growth stimulation and dermal regeneration via modulation of dermal papilla cell proliferation and angiogenic signaling. Predominantly topical/cosmetic applications.","summary_cite":["pyo-2007"],"evidence_level":"animal-mechanistic","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":43,"cited_claims":14,"uncited_claims":29,"citation_density":14,"citation_ratio":0.33}},{"slug":"aod-9604","name":"AOD-9604","peptide_class":"Lipolytic HGH C-terminal fragment","classification":"HGH 176-191 · β3-AR Lipolytic","categories":["lipolytic","fat-loss","gh-fragment"],"color":"amber","summary":"Modified 16-amino-acid C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone (residues 176-191) engineered to retain the lipolytic activity of native HGH while eliminating IGF-1 elevation, glucose-handling effects, and anti-insulin signaling. Acts via β3-adrenergic-mediated lipolysis. Multiple Phase 2 obesity trials completed; not FDA-approved as of 2026.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"phase-2","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":47,"cited_claims":2,"uncited_claims":45,"citation_density":2,"citation_ratio":0.04}},{"slug":"ara-290","name":"ARA 290","peptide_class":"EPO-Derived Peptide","classification":"EPO-Derived Peptide · Innate Repair Receptor Agonist","categories":["neuroprotective","tissue-repair","small-fiber-neuropathy","phase-2"],"color":"purple","summary":"Synthetic 11-amino-acid peptide derived from erythropoietin helix B. Non-erythropoietic but tissue-protective via innate repair receptor (EPO/CD131 heterodimer). Phase 2 trials demonstrate corneal nerve fiber regeneration, reduced neuropathic pain, and improved metabolic control in sarcoidosis-associated small fiber neuropathy and type 2 diabetes with painful neuropathy.","summary_cite":["culver-2017","brines-2015","van-2014"],"evidence_level":"phase-2","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":59,"cited_claims":17,"uncited_claims":42,"citation_density":26,"citation_ratio":0.29}},{"slug":"bpc-157","name":"BPC-157","peptide_class":"Pentadecapeptide","classification":"Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide · Healing","categories":["healing","gastrointestinal","tendon-ligament","anti-inflammatory"],"color":"cyan","summary":"Synthetic 15-amino-acid pentadecapeptide derived from a protective sequence found in human gastric juice (BPC = Body Protection Compound). Stable in simulated gastric conditions and the most extensively studied healing peptide in animal literature. Demonstrates tendon, ligament, muscle, and gastrointestinal mucosa healing across 20+ rodent models. Clinically evaluated under designation PL-14736 in a Phase 2 ulcerative colitis trial.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"phase-2","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":53,"cited_claims":7,"uncited_claims":46,"citation_density":9,"citation_ratio":0.13}},{"slug":"bpc-157-tb-500-blend","name":"BPC-157 + TB-500 Blend","peptide_class":"Multi-peptide blend","classification":"Multi-peptide blend · BPC-157 + TB-500","categories":["blend","multi-component"],"color":"amber","summary":"A two-component blend that co-formulates BPC-157 and TB-500 in a single vial — a common two-component pairing. There is no published study of the combination itself; the rationale rests on each component's own literature, documented on its plate. A third-party content assay confirms what the vial contains — see the Lab verification section.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"theoretical","maturity":"auto-drafted","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-07-05","stats":{"total_claims":25,"cited_claims":0,"uncited_claims":25,"citation_density":0,"citation_ratio":0}},{"slug":"bronchogen","name":"Bronchogen","peptide_class":"Tetrapeptide Bioregulator","classification":"Tetrapeptide Bioregulator · Khavinson-School","categories":["bioregulator","respiratory","tissue-regeneration","khavinson-peptide"],"color":"cyan","summary":"Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu tetrapeptide developed within the Khavinson bioregulator tradition. Demonstrated bronchopulmonary tissue regeneration in rat COPD models, restoring ciliated epithelium, normalizing secretory IgA, and reducing neutrophilic inflammation. Administered at 0.05 ng/mL in organotypic culture, the peptide showed tissue-specific stimulation of bronchial explants in both young and aged rats.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"animal-strong","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":35,"cited_claims":16,"uncited_claims":19,"citation_density":21,"citation_ratio":0.46}},{"slug":"cagrilintide","name":"Cagrilintide","peptide_class":"Amylin Analogue","classification":"Long-Acting Amylin Analogue · Phase 3","categories":["amylin-analog","weight-loss","metabolic","phase-3"],"color":"purple","summary":"Long-acting amylin receptor agonist studied in combination with semaglutide (CagriSema) for obesity and type 2 diabetes. Acts centrally to induce satiety, suppress prandial glucagon, and reduce food intake. Phase 3 trials of the cagrilintide-semaglutide combination have evaluated weight-loss outcomes against semaglutide monotherapy. Demonstrates dual AMYR/calcitonin-receptor agonism with extended half-life enabling once-weekly subcutaneous dosing.","summary_cite":["yamauchi-2026","ahmed-2026","bailey-2026"],"evidence_level":"phase-3","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":64,"cited_claims":35,"uncited_claims":29,"citation_density":53,"citation_ratio":0.55}},{"slug":"cardiogen","name":"Cardiogen","peptide_class":"Bioregulator Peptide","classification":"Bioregulator · Cardiac","categories":["bioregulator","cardiovascular","khavinson-school"],"color":"rose","summary":"Khavinson-school cardiac-tissue bioregulator designed to support myocardial function and mitigate cardiovascular aging through peptide-mediated gene expression modulation. Animal studies demonstrate effects on cardiac homeostasis, inflammatory markers, and heat shock protein regulation. Limited PubMed indexing; Russian-tradition peptide with mechanistic data but no Phase 1+ human trials.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"animal-mechanistic","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":46,"cited_claims":5,"uncited_claims":41,"citation_density":5,"citation_ratio":0.11}},{"slug":"cartalax","name":"Cartalax","peptide_class":"Bioregulator Peptide","classification":"Bioregulator Peptide · Khavinson School","categories":["bioregulator","cartilage","chondrogenic","osteoarthritis"],"color":"teal","summary":"Short-chain peptide bioregulator from the Khavinson school, derived from cartilaginous tissue extracts. Investigated for chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and osteoprotective effects in ovariectomised rat models. Russian-tradition research with limited Western indexing; mechanistic data on cartilage matrix proteins (COL2, SOX9, ACAN) and bone mineral density preservation.","summary_cite":["linkova-2023","povorozniuk-2007"],"evidence_level":"animal-mechanistic","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":32,"cited_claims":10,"uncited_claims":22,"citation_density":12,"citation_ratio":0.31}},{"slug":"cerebrolysin","name":"Cerebrolysin","peptide_class":"Neurotrophic Peptide Preparation","classification":"Porcine Brain-Derived Peptide Mix · Phase 3","categories":["neuroprotection","stroke","traumatic-brain-injury","dementia","neurotrophic"],"color":"purple","summary":"Porcine brain-derived peptide preparation containing low-molecular-weight neurotrophic peptides and free amino acids. Approved in 30+ countries for acute ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, and dementia. Research has evaluated 12-month functional-independence outcomes (mRS 0–2) following mechanical thrombectomy. Mimics endogenous neurotrophic factors (BDNF, NGF, CNTF) with multimodal neuroprotection: anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, pro-neuroplastic effects.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"phase-3","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":65,"cited_claims":11,"uncited_claims":54,"citation_density":13,"citation_ratio":0.17}},{"slug":"chonluten","name":"Chonluten","peptide_class":"Bioregulatory Peptide","classification":"Khavinson Bioregulator · Bronchial Mucosa","categories":["bioregulator","respiratory","epithelial"],"color":"cyan","summary":"Khavinson-school bioregulatory peptide complex targeting bronchial mucosa and respiratory epithelium. Preclinical data demonstrate modulation of proliferative activity and inflammatory pathways in monocyte/macrophage cell lines. Part of the Russian bioregulator tradition with tissue-specific organ peptide architecture. Limited Western research indexing; mechanistic evidence from in vitro models.","summary_cite":["avolio-2022"],"evidence_level":"animal-mechanistic","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":38,"cited_claims":8,"uncited_claims":30,"citation_density":8,"citation_ratio":0.21}},{"slug":"cjc-1295","name":"CJC-1295 (no DAC)","peptide_class":"GHRH Analogue (modified GRF 1-29)","classification":"Short-acting GHRH · No DAC variant","categories":["gh-axis","ghrh","short-acting"],"color":"blue","summary":"29-amino-acid GHRH analogue based on the active N-terminal fragment of human GHRH (GRF 1-29) with four amino-acid substitutions for stability against enzymatic degradation. Unlike CJC-1295 with DAC (Drug Affinity Complex), the no-DAC variant lacks the maleimide that binds serum albumin, giving it a short pulsatile half-life (~30 min) similar to native GHRH. Pairs naturally with selective GHRPs like ipamorelin for dual-axis GH stimulation.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"phase-1","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":51,"cited_claims":7,"uncited_claims":44,"citation_density":9,"citation_ratio":0.14}},{"slug":"cortagen","name":"Cortagen","peptide_class":"Bioregulatory Tetrapeptide","classification":"Bioregulatory Tetrapeptide · Khavinson-School","categories":["neuroprotective","bioregulator","antioxidant","cerebroprotective"],"color":"purple","summary":"Synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro) derived from brain cortex peptide analysis in the Khavinson bioregulator tradition. Animal models demonstrate antioxidant activity, reduction of lipid peroxidation products and oxidative protein modification in rat serum and cerebral cortex. Distinguished from epithalon by terminal proline substitution; shows divergent biological activity profile in avian hypophysectomy models.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"animal-mechanistic","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":35,"cited_claims":11,"uncited_claims":24,"citation_density":12,"citation_ratio":0.31}},{"slug":"crystagen","name":"Crystagen","peptide_class":"Tetrapeptide Bioregulator","classification":"Khavinson Bioregulator · Immune-Thymic","categories":["bioregulator","immune-modulator","thymic-peptide","geroprotector"],"color":"purple","summary":"Synthetic tetrapeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly) developed within the Khavinson bioregulator school. Animal studies demonstrate B-cell activation and immune modulation in aging spleen tissue. Mechanism involves B-lymphocyte stimulation without apparent enhancement of cellular proliferation. Used within Russian geroprotective research tradition for thymic-immune support.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"animal-mechanistic","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":40,"cited_claims":12,"uncited_claims":28,"citation_density":12,"citation_ratio":0.3}},{"slug":"dermorphin","name":"Dermorphin","peptide_class":"Opioid Peptide","classification":"Opioid Peptide · μ-Receptor Agonist · Research Only","categories":["opioid","mu-agonist","research-peptide","controlled-substance"],"color":"rose","summary":"Heptapeptide opioid (H-Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Gly-Tyr-Pro-Ser-NH2) originally isolated from Phyllomedusa frog skin. Research use only; controlled substance in many jurisdictions. A highly selective mu-opioid receptor agonist, it carries a naturally occurring D-alanine at position 2 — a D-amino acid residue unusual among vertebrate peptides.","summary_cite":["amiche-1998","mignogna-1992"],"evidence_level":"animal-strong","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":47,"cited_claims":20,"uncited_claims":27,"citation_density":23,"citation_ratio":0.43}},{"slug":"dihexa","name":"Dihexa","peptide_class":"Angiotensin IV Analogue","classification":"Angiotensin IV Analogue · Pre-Clinical","categories":["cognitive","neuroprotective","pre-clinical"],"color":"purple","summary":"Synthetic angiotensin IV analogue that activates the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met receptor system, inducing dendritic arborization and synaptogenesis in rodent models. Animal studies demonstrate cognitive enhancement and synapse formation in mouse Alzheimer's models. No human clinical data available. Pre-clinical stage only.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"animal-strong","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":28,"cited_claims":7,"uncited_claims":21,"citation_density":7,"citation_ratio":0.25}},{"slug":"dsip","name":"DSIP","peptide_class":"Nonapeptide","classification":"Sleep modulator · Anti-stress","categories":["sleep","anti-stress","cognitive"],"color":"purple","summary":"9-amino-acid peptide first isolated from rabbit cerebral venous blood during electrically induced delta-wave sleep (Schoenenberger / Monnier, 1977). Modulates sleep-wake architecture, reduces stress response, and shows anxiolytic effects in early human studies. Limited modern RCT data; primarily used anecdotally for sleep-onset issues.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"human-mechanistic","maturity":"auto-drafted","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":36,"cited_claims":8,"uncited_claims":28,"citation_density":8,"citation_ratio":0.22}},{"slug":"epitalon","name":"Epitalon","peptide_class":"Tetrapeptide bioregulator","classification":"Pineal bioregulator · Telomerase activator","categories":["longevity","anti-aging","telomere","sleep"],"color":"purple","summary":"Synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) developed at the Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology as the active analog of epithalamin, a natural pineal extract. Khavinson et al. demonstrated telomerase-activating and telomere-elongating activity in human somatic cells. Long-term safety + efficacy data are dominated by Russian-language literature; Western RCTs are sparse. Frequently used anecdotally for longevity and sleep regulation.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"human-mechanistic","maturity":"auto-drafted","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":37,"cited_claims":3,"uncited_claims":34,"citation_density":3,"citation_ratio":0.08}},{"slug":"follistatin-344","name":"Follistatin-344","peptide_class":"Myostatin Antagonist","classification":"Myostatin/Activin Antagonist · Research Use","categories":["myostatin-inhibitor","muscle-growth","research-peptide"],"color":"purple","summary":"344-amino-acid isoform of follistatin, an endogenous glycoprotein that binds and neutralizes myostatin and activin A. Lacks the heparin-binding domain of FST-315, resulting in systemic circulation rather than tissue sequestration. Investigated as a myostatin antagonist for skeletal muscle hypertrophy and sarcopenia treatment. Mechanism centers on disruption of myostatin-ActRIIB signaling, relieving brake on muscle protein synthesis.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"human-mechanistic","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":58,"cited_claims":4,"uncited_claims":54,"citation_density":5,"citation_ratio":0.07}},{"slug":"foxo4","name":"FOXO4-DRI","peptide_class":"Senolytic Peptide","classification":"Senolytic Peptide · D-Retro-Inverso","categories":["senolytic","anti-aging","experimental"],"color":"purple","summary":"D-retro-inverso peptide derived from the FOXO4 transcription factor's p53-binding domain. Disrupts FOXO4-p53 interaction selectively in senescent cells, triggering apoptosis while sparing healthy tissue. Cleared senescent cells in aged mice, restored cerebral blood flow, and improved physical function. Pre-clinical only — no human trials completed.","summary_cite":["bourgeois-2025","alameen-2026"],"evidence_level":"animal-strong","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":45,"cited_claims":12,"uncited_claims":33,"citation_density":17,"citation_ratio":0.27}},{"slug":"gdf-8","name":"GDF-8","peptide_class":"TGF-β Superfamily Myokine","classification":"TGF-β Superfamily · Negative Muscle Regulator","categories":["myokine","tgf-beta","muscle-regulation","research-target"],"color":"rose","summary":"TGF-β superfamily myokine that negatively regulates skeletal muscle growth. Genetic loss-of-function increases muscle mass, reduces adiposity, and improves metabolic health in mice and humans with no known adverse phenotypes. Primary research focus involves inhibition strategies (monoclonal antibodies, active immunotherapy, gene editing) rather than exogenous administration. Studied for sarcopenia, obesity, and muscle wasting conditions.","summary_cite":["herman-2026","jacquez-2026","iglesias-2026"],"evidence_level":"animal-strong","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":48,"cited_claims":23,"uncited_claims":25,"citation_density":28,"citation_ratio":0.48}},{"slug":"ghk-cu","name":"GHK-Cu","peptide_class":"Copper-binding tripeptide","classification":"Tripeptide · Skin / Hair / Wound Healing","categories":["skin","hair","wound-healing","copper-peptide","anti-aging"],"color":"cyan","summary":"Endogenous copper-binding tripeptide (Gly-His-Lys) found in human plasma at ~200 ng/mL in young adults, declining sharply with age. Forms a 1:1 complex with Cu(II) to deliver copper to tissues, regulates collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycan synthesis, and triggers anti-inflammatory + regenerative gene programs. Studied in dermatological and tissue-repair research, including topical formulations.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"human-mechanistic","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":47,"cited_claims":4,"uncited_claims":43,"citation_density":6,"citation_ratio":0.09}},{"slug":"ghrp-2","name":"GHRP-2","peptide_class":"GHRP / Ghrelin Receptor Agonist","classification":"Hexapeptide GHRP · Phase 2 (clinical diagnostic)","categories":["gh-axis","ghrp","ghrelin"],"color":"purple","summary":"Synthetic hexapeptide GHRP — D-Ala-D-2-Nal-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH₂. Stronger GH-stimulating action than Ipamorelin but with measurable cortisol and prolactin elevation at higher doses. Approved in Japan as a diagnostic agent (Pralmorelin) for adult GH deficiency. Anecdotally used for body composition and recovery.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"phase-2","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":42,"cited_claims":11,"uncited_claims":31,"citation_density":12,"citation_ratio":0.26}},{"slug":"ghrp-6","name":"GHRP-6","peptide_class":"GHRP / Ghrelin Receptor Agonist","classification":"Hexapeptide GHRP · Strong appetite stimulant","categories":["gh-axis","ghrp","ghrelin","appetite"],"color":"purple","summary":"Earlier-generation hexapeptide GHRP — His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH₂. Among the first GHRPs characterised by the Bowers lab. Produces strong GH release plus pronounced appetite stimulation via ghrelin-receptor agonism. Largely superseded by ipamorelin (selectivity) and GHRP-2 (potency without the same hunger), but retains niche use where caloric intake support is desired.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"phase-1","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":36,"cited_claims":10,"uncited_claims":26,"citation_density":10,"citation_ratio":0.28}},{"slug":"glow-blend","name":"Glow Blend","peptide_class":"Multi-peptide blend","classification":"Multi-peptide blend · GHK-Cu + BPC-157 + TB-500","categories":["blend","multi-component"],"color":"amber","summary":"A three-component blend that co-formulates GHK-Cu, BPC-157, and TB-500 in a single vial. There is no published study of the combination itself; the rationale rests entirely on each component's own literature, documented on its plate. A third-party content assay confirms what the vial contains — see the Lab verification section. Listed because blends dominate the practical market yet have no reference coverage.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"theoretical","maturity":"auto-drafted","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-07-05","stats":{"total_claims":26,"cited_claims":0,"uncited_claims":26,"citation_density":0,"citation_ratio":0}},{"slug":"glp-1-7-37","name":"GLP-1 (7-37)","peptide_class":"Incretin Hormone","classification":"Incretin Hormone · Native Peptide","categories":["incretin","glp-1","glucose-regulation","native-hormone"],"color":"green","summary":"Native 31-amino-acid incretin hormone secreted by intestinal L cells in response to nutrient ingestion. Stimulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon, and delays gastric emptying. Rapidly degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) with plasma half-life of ~2 minutes. Parent molecule from which all clinical GLP-1 receptor agonists (semaglutide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide) were engineered. Direct administration rarely used clinically; studied primarily as reference standard for analogue development.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"human-mechanistic","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":43,"cited_claims":16,"uncited_claims":27,"citation_density":25,"citation_ratio":0.37}},{"slug":"glutathione","name":"Glutathione","peptide_class":"Endogenous Tripeptide","classification":"Endogenous Tripeptide · Antioxidant","categories":["antioxidant","tripeptide","endogenous","cytoprotective"],"color":"cyan","summary":"Endogenous tripeptide (γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine) — master cellular thiol and principal non-enzymatic antioxidant. Synthesized via glutamate-cysteine ligase and glutathione synthetase. Functions as cofactor for glutathione peroxidase and transferase; conjugates electrophiles, reduces peroxides, maintains redox homeostasis. Investigated in IV, oral, and inhaled formulations for oxidative stress mitigation, hepatic detoxification, and metabolic support.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"human-mechanistic","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":39,"cited_claims":6,"uncited_claims":33,"citation_density":10,"citation_ratio":0.15}},{"slug":"gonadorelin","name":"Gonadorelin","peptide_class":"GnRH Analogue","classification":"GnRH Analogue · Diagnostic & Therapeutic","categories":["gnrh","reproductive-axis","diagnostic","hypogonadism"],"color":"purple","summary":"Synthetic decapeptide identical to endogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Pulsatile administration restores physiological LH/FSH secretion in hypothalamic hypogonadism by mimicking native GnRH pulsatility. Single-dose administration used diagnostically to assess pituitary gonadotrope responsiveness. Continuous exposure paradoxically downregulates GnRH receptors, forming the basis for GnRH agonist desensitization protocols.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"fda-approved","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":true,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":61,"cited_claims":7,"uncited_claims":54,"citation_density":9,"citation_ratio":0.11}},{"slug":"hcg","name":"HCG","peptide_class":"Glycoprotein Hormone","classification":"Glycoprotein Hormone · LH Mimetic","categories":["fertility","hormone-restoration","gonadotropin"],"color":"green","summary":"Placental glycoprotein hormone structurally homologous to luteinizing hormone (LH). Binds LH receptors on Leydig cells, stimulating testosterone synthesis and spermatogenesis. FDA-approved for cryptorchidism, prepubertal cryptorchidism, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. In males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, hCG has been studied as monotherapy and in combination with FSH for restoration of spermatogenesis.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"fda-approved","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":true,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":52,"cited_claims":12,"uncited_claims":40,"citation_density":20,"citation_ratio":0.23}},{"slug":"hexarelin","name":"Hexarelin","peptide_class":"GHRP / Ghrelin Receptor Agonist","classification":"Hexapeptide GHRP · Cardio-tropic","categories":["gh-axis","ghrp","ghrelin","cardio-tropic"],"color":"purple","summary":"Synthetic hexapeptide GHRP that activates the ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) with high potency. Distinct from ipamorelin in producing a stronger GH pulse but with measurable cortisol + prolactin elevation at higher doses. Most-studied GHRP for direct cardiomyocyte effects independent of GH — binding myocardial CD36 and the GHS receptor in cardiac tissue.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"phase-1","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":45,"cited_claims":15,"uncited_claims":30,"citation_density":17,"citation_ratio":0.33}},{"slug":"hgh-191aa","name":"HGH 191AA","peptide_class":"Recombinant Human Growth Hormone","classification":"Recombinant hGH · FDA-Approved","categories":["gh-axis","recombinant-hormone","fda-approved","anabolic"],"color":"blue","summary":"Recombinant 191-amino-acid human growth hormone identical in sequence to endogenous pituitary hGH. FDA-approved (1985) for growth hormone deficiency, Turner syndrome, chronic renal insufficiency, Prader-Willi syndrome, AIDS wasting, idiopathic short stature, and other indications. Binds GH receptors systemically to promote linear growth, protein synthesis, lipolysis, and IGF-1 production. Daily subcutaneous administration replaces or supplements deficient endogenous GH.","summary_cite":["goeddel-1979","ho-2007-ghd-consensus"],"evidence_level":"fda-approved","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":true,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":75,"cited_claims":9,"uncited_claims":66,"citation_density":10,"citation_ratio":0.12}},{"slug":"hgh-fragment-176-191","name":"HGH Fragment 176-191","peptide_class":"GH Fragment","classification":"GH Fragment · Pre-Clinical","categories":["gh-axis","lipolytic","pre-clinical"],"color":"purple","summary":"C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone spanning amino acids 176-191, with an additional N-terminal tyrosine residue in the AOD9604 variant. Retains lipolytic activity of parent GH without IGF-1 elevation or diabetogenic effects. Animal studies demonstrate 50% reduction in weight gain and enhanced beta-3 adrenergic receptor expression in obese mice. No adverse effects on insulin sensitivity observed in euglycemic clamp studies.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"animal-strong","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":59,"cited_claims":28,"uncited_claims":31,"citation_density":30,"citation_ratio":0.47}},{"slug":"humanin","name":"Humanin","peptide_class":"Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide","classification":"Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide · Cytoprotective","categories":["mitochondrial","cytoprotective","neuroprotective","anti-apoptotic"],"color":"purple","summary":"24-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded in the 16S rRNA region of mtDNA. Cytoprotective via direct binding to Bax, Bim, and tBid, preventing mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and caspase-dependent apoptosis. Studied in models of Alzheimer's disease, premature ovarian insufficiency, testicular aging, and bone growth retardation. Acts intracellularly and as a secreted factor via FPRL1/2 receptors.","summary_cite":["zhu-2022","lue-2021","morris-2021"],"evidence_level":"animal-strong","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":52,"cited_claims":14,"uncited_claims":38,"citation_density":24,"citation_ratio":0.27}},{"slug":"igf-1lr3","name":"IGF-1 LR3","peptide_class":"IGF-1 Analogue","classification":"IGF-1 Analogue · Research","categories":["igf-axis","anabolic","anti-apoptotic","research"],"color":"purple","summary":"Synthetic IGF-1 analogue with arginine substitution at position 3 and a 13-amino-acid N-terminal extension. Exhibits markedly reduced binding to IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), producing prolonged half-life and enhanced bioavailability compared to native IGF-1. Primarily studied in research contexts for anabolic, anti-apoptotic, and cell proliferation effects.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"animal-strong","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":58,"cited_claims":10,"uncited_claims":48,"citation_density":10,"citation_ratio":0.17}},{"slug":"igf-des","name":"IGF-DES","peptide_class":"IGF-1 Analogue","classification":"IGF-1 Analogue · Truncated N-Terminal","categories":["igf-axis","anabolic","myogenic","research"],"color":"purple","summary":"Des(1-3)IGF-1 is a truncated variant of insulin-like growth factor-1 lacking the N-terminal tripeptide (Gly-Pro-Glu). Reduced binding affinity for IGF-binding proteins yields ~10-fold greater potency than native IGF-1 in vitro and enhanced bioavailability at target tissues. Primarily investigated in research contexts for skeletal muscle hypertrophy, myoblast differentiation, and cell proliferation. No human clinical approval; applications remain experimental.","summary_cite":["bredehft-2008","crescioli-2002"],"evidence_level":"animal-strong","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":60,"cited_claims":8,"uncited_claims":52,"citation_density":10,"citation_ratio":0.13}},{"slug":"ipamorelin","name":"Ipamorelin","peptide_class":"GHRP / Ghrelin Receptor Agonist","classification":"Selective GHRP · Ghrelin Mimetic","categories":["gh-axis","ghrp","ghrelin","selective"],"color":"purple","summary":"Pentapeptide growth-hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP) that selectively activates the ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) on the anterior pituitary, eliciting GH release without the cortisol or prolactin elevation characteristic of earlier GHRPs. Originally characterised by Raun et al. (1998); preferred GHRP partner for GHRH analogues like tesamorelin and CJC-1295.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"phase-1","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":57,"cited_claims":10,"uncited_claims":47,"citation_density":14,"citation_ratio":0.18}},{"slug":"kisspeptin-10","name":"Kisspeptin-10","peptide_class":"Neuropeptide","classification":"Neuropeptide · GPR54 Agonist","categories":["hypothalamic","gnrh-axis","fertility","phase-1-2"],"color":"purple","summary":"10-amino-acid C-terminal fragment of kisspeptin (KISS1 gene product). Activates GPR54/Kiss1R on hypothalamic GnRH neurons, triggering LH surge. Phase 1/2 trials in fertility research and hypothalamic amenorrhea. Core regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, integrating metabolic and reproductive signals through direct GnRH neuron excitation.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"phase-2","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":41,"cited_claims":10,"uncited_claims":31,"citation_density":14,"citation_ratio":0.24}},{"slug":"klow-blend","name":"KLOW Blend","peptide_class":"Multi-peptide blend","classification":"Multi-peptide blend · GHK-Cu + BPC-157 + TB-500 + KPV","categories":["blend","multi-component"],"color":"amber","summary":"A four-component blend that co-formulates GHK-Cu, BPC-157, TB-500, and KPV in a single vial. It extends the three-component Glow blend by adding KPV, the C-terminal tripeptide of alpha-MSH. There is no published study of the combination itself; the rationale rests entirely on each component's own literature, documented on its plate. A third-party content assay quantifies each component present in the vial — see the Lab verification section. Listed because blends dominate the practical market yet have no reference coverage.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"theoretical","maturity":"auto-drafted","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-07-06","stats":{"total_claims":27,"cited_claims":0,"uncited_claims":27,"citation_density":0,"citation_ratio":0}},{"slug":"kpv","name":"KPV","peptide_class":"Tripeptide (Lys-Pro-Val)","classification":"α-MSH C-terminal · Anti-inflammatory","categories":["anti-inflammatory","gut","skin","healing","ibd"],"color":"cyan","summary":"Tripeptide (Lys-Pro-Val) corresponding to the C-terminus of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). Retains the anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory properties of full α-MSH without the pigmentation effects. Multiple animal studies support efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease, acne, and atopic dermatitis.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"animal-strong","maturity":"auto-drafted","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":39,"cited_claims":13,"uncited_claims":26,"citation_density":17,"citation_ratio":0.33}},{"slug":"liraglutide","name":"Liraglutide","peptide_class":"GLP-1 Receptor Agonist","classification":"Daily GLP-1 RA · FDA-Approved","categories":["glp-1","glucagon-like-peptide","weight-management","fda-approved"],"color":"amber","summary":"Modified human GLP-1 with C-16 fatty-acid acylation enabling albumin binding and a ~13 hour half-life. FDA-approved 2010 (Victoza, type 2 diabetes) and 2014 (Saxenda, chronic weight management); predecessor to once-weekly semaglutide and tirzepatide. The LEADER trial (Marso et al., NEJM 2016) demonstrated cardiovascular event reduction in T2D with high CV risk.","summary_cite":["marso-2016-leader"],"evidence_level":"fda-approved","maturity":"flagship","fda_approved":true,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":45,"cited_claims":15,"uncited_claims":30,"citation_density":16,"citation_ratio":0.33}},{"slug":"livagen","name":"Livagen","peptide_class":"Khavinson Bioregulator","classification":"Khavinson Bioregulator · Hepatoprotective Tetrapeptide","categories":["bioregulator","hepatoprotective","khavinson-peptide","tetrapeptide"],"color":"amber","summary":"Synthetic tetrapeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala) developed in the Khavinson bioregulator tradition for liver tissue support. Animal models demonstrate hepatoprotective effects in fibrosis, acute and chronic hepatitis, with tissue-specific stimulation of hepatocyte protein synthesis and age-dependent normalization of digestive enzyme activity. Resists hydrolysis by intestinal peptidases; oral administration viable.","summary_cite":["kuznik-2020","brodski-2001","timofeeva-2005"],"evidence_level":"animal-strong","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":32,"cited_claims":20,"uncited_claims":12,"citation_density":28,"citation_ratio":0.63}},{"slug":"ll-37","name":"LL-37","peptide_class":"Antimicrobial Peptide","classification":"Cathelicidin · Human AMP","categories":["antimicrobial","immunomodulatory","innate-immunity","wound-healing"],"color":"cyan","summary":"Human cathelicidin-derived 37-amino-acid antimicrobial peptide, the sole cathelicidin in humans. Cleaved from hCAP-18 precursor at sites of inflammation. Exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity via membrane disruption and immunomodulatory functions including cytokine modulation, autophagy induction, and chemotaxis. Active against bacteria, fungi, parasites; implicated in wound healing, cancer, and systemic inflammation networks.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"human-mechanistic","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":35,"cited_claims":15,"uncited_claims":20,"citation_density":19,"citation_ratio":0.43}},{"slug":"matrixyl","name":"Matrixyl","peptide_class":"Cosmeceutical Pentapeptide","classification":"Cosmeceutical Pentapeptide · Topical Anti-Aging","categories":["cosmeceutical","collagen-synthesis","topical"],"color":"purple","summary":"Synthetic palmitoyl-pentapeptide (Pal-KTTKS) derived from pro-collagen I fragment. Topically applied cosmeceutical that stimulates extracellular matrix synthesis in dermal fibroblasts, including collagen I, collagen III, and glycosaminoglycans. The N-terminal palmitoyl modification enhances lipophilicity and dermal penetration. Used in anti-aging formulations to promote dermal remodeling.","summary_cite":["paccola-2025","gomes-2022"],"evidence_level":"animal-mechanistic","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":39,"cited_claims":9,"uncited_claims":30,"citation_density":10,"citation_ratio":0.23}},{"slug":"mazdutide","name":"Mazdutide","peptide_class":"GLP-1/Glucagon Dual Agonist","classification":"GLP-1/Glucagon Dual Agonist · Oxyntomodulin Analogue · Phase 3","categories":["glp-1","glucagon-receptor","dual-agonist","obesity","t2d","phase-3"],"color":"purple","summary":"Oxyntomodulin-based dual GLP-1 receptor and glucagon receptor agonist developed by Innovent Biologics in collaboration with Eli Lilly. Phase 3 trials in China demonstrate 12–16% body weight reduction at 24–48 weeks in non-diabetic adults with obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m²). Once-weekly subcutaneous administration targets dual metabolic pathways — GLP-1-mediated appetite suppression and glucagon-driven energy expenditure.","summary_cite":["ji-2026","azam-2026","abdul-2026"],"evidence_level":"phase-3","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":62,"cited_claims":19,"uncited_claims":43,"citation_density":26,"citation_ratio":0.31}},{"slug":"melanotan-2","name":"Melanotan-II","peptide_class":"α-MSH Analog (cyclic heptapeptide)","classification":"MC1R + MC4R agonist · Tanning + sexual response","categories":["skin","sexual-function","melanocortin","mc4r"],"color":"amber","summary":"Synthetic cyclic heptapeptide derived from α-MSH (Ac-Nle-Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys-OH cyclic). Activates multiple melanocortin receptors — MC1R drives skin pigmentation, MC4R drives sexual arousal pathways. Distinct from PT-141 / bremelanotide which is more MC4R-selective. Not FDA-approved; widely used informally for tanning.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"phase-1","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":43,"cited_claims":6,"uncited_claims":37,"citation_density":6,"citation_ratio":0.14}},{"slug":"mgf","name":"MGF","peptide_class":"IGF-1 Splice Variant","classification":"IGF-1Ec Splice Variant · Muscle-Specific","categories":["igf-axis","muscle-repair","splice-variant","experimental"],"color":"purple","summary":"Mechano Growth Factor (MGF) is the IGF-1Ec splice variant produced locally in skeletal muscle in response to mechanical loading or damage. Distinguished from systemic IGF-1 by a unique 49-amino-acid E-domain that activates satellite cells and drives muscle repair independently of mature IGF-1. The synthetic 24-amino-acid E-domain peptide recapitulates MGF bioactivity in vitro and in rodent models but lacks human clinical validation.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"animal-strong","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":55,"cited_claims":14,"uncited_claims":41,"citation_density":17,"citation_ratio":0.25}},{"slug":"mk-677","name":"MK-677","peptide_class":"Ghrelin Receptor Agonist (oral)","classification":"Growth-hormone secretagogue · Ghrelin (GHSR-1a) receptor agonist","categories":["gh-axis","growth-hormone","secretagogue","oral","small-molecule"],"color":"teal","summary":"Orally active, non-peptide ghrelin-receptor (GHSR-1a) agonist that stimulates pulsatile growth-hormone secretion and raises IGF-1, developed by Merck as MK-0677. Not a peptide — a small molecule; unlike injectable GH secretagogues it is taken by mouth once daily. MK-677 never reached a marketed indication despite a large clinical program. A two-year randomized trial in healthy older adults (Nass 2008) restored IGF-1 to young-adult levels and increased fat-free mass.","summary_cite":["nass-2008-mk677"],"evidence_level":"phase-2","maturity":"auto-drafted","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-07-05","stats":{"total_claims":40,"cited_claims":16,"uncited_claims":24,"citation_density":18,"citation_ratio":0.4}},{"slug":"mots-c","name":"MOTS-c","peptide_class":"Mitochondrial-derived peptide","classification":"Mitokine · Mitochondria-Encoded","categories":["mitochondrial","mitokine","ampk","exercise-mimetic","longevity"],"color":"green","summary":"16-amino-acid mitochondrial-encoded peptide (mitokine) translated from the 12S rRNA short open reading frame. Activates AMPK via folate-cycle inhibition, increasing fatty acid oxidation, glucose tolerance, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Endogenous levels decline with age and rise with exercise — frequently described as an exercise-mimetic. No completed human RCT to date; first MOTS-c-analog Phase 1a/1b (CB4211) completed 2021.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"animal-strong","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":68,"cited_claims":9,"uncited_claims":59,"citation_density":11,"citation_ratio":0.13}},{"slug":"mt-1","name":"MT-1","peptide_class":"α-MSH Analogue","classification":"α-MSH Analogue · FDA-Approved","categories":["melanocortin","mc1r-agonist","fda-approved","orphan-drug"],"color":"amber","summary":"Synthetic 13-amino-acid α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) analogue, FDA-approved (2019, Scenesse) for erythropoietic protoporphyria. Acts on MC1R to stimulate melanin synthesis in melanocytes, enabling photoprotection in patients with severe photosensitivity. Distinguished from endogenous α-MSH by norleucine at position 4 and D-phenylalanine at position 7, conferring enhanced metabolic stability. Administered as subcutaneous implant.","summary_cite":["chawathe-2026","habbema-2017"],"evidence_level":"fda-approved","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":true,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":51,"cited_claims":9,"uncited_claims":42,"citation_density":12,"citation_ratio":0.18}},{"slug":"n-acetyl-epitalon-amidate","name":"N-Acetyl Epitalon Amidate","peptide_class":"Bioregulator Tetrapeptide","classification":"Bioregulator Tetrapeptide · Khavinson School","categories":["bioregulator","telomerase","epigenetic","neuropeptide"],"color":"purple","summary":"Modified tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) with N-acetyl and C-terminal amide caps for enhanced stability. Russian bioregulator developed by Khavinson et al. to activate telomerase in human somatic cells, induce telomere elongation, and overcome the Hayflick limit. In vitro studies show 10 additional passages in human fetal fibroblasts beyond natural senescence. Proposed mechanism: direct binding to promoter regions of telomerase, retinal genes, and RNA polymerase II to initiate transcription.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"animal-strong","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":45,"cited_claims":12,"uncited_claims":33,"citation_density":14,"citation_ratio":0.27}},{"slug":"ovagen","name":"Ovagen","peptide_class":"Khavinson Bioregulator","classification":"Khavinson Bioregulator · Ovarian","categories":["khavinson-bioregulator","reproductive","tissue-specific"],"color":"rose","summary":"Short-peptide bioregulator from the Khavinson school, derived from ovarian tissue extracts. Proposed to support ovarian function through tissue-specific regulatory mechanisms. Evidence base limited to Russian-tradition research; PubMed-indexed studies sparse. Mechanism aligns with Khavinson's tissue-specific peptide theory — organ-derived peptides stimulate homeostasis in corresponding tissues via gene expression modulation.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"theoretical","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":42,"cited_claims":2,"uncited_claims":40,"citation_density":5,"citation_ratio":0.05}},{"slug":"oxytocin","name":"Oxytocin","peptide_class":"Neuropeptide Hormone","classification":"Neuropeptide Hormone · FDA-Approved","categories":["neuropeptide","social-bonding","neuromodulator","fda-approved","obstetric"],"color":"purple","summary":"Nine-amino-acid posterior pituitary neuropeptide, FDA-approved for labor induction and lactation augmentation. Modulates oxytocin receptors (OXTR) in hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus, influencing GABAergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic neurotransmission. Investigated for social cognition deficits in autism spectrum disorder, social anxiety, and schizophrenia. Clinical effects include enhanced social bonding, trust, and gaze behavior; neuromodulatory actions span synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and anti-inflammatory pathways.","summary_cite":["paul-2026","prinsen-2026","chaulagain-2025"],"evidence_level":"fda-approved","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":true,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":51,"cited_claims":11,"uncited_claims":40,"citation_density":17,"citation_ratio":0.22}},{"slug":"p21","name":"P21","peptide_class":"CNTF-Derived Neuropeptide","classification":"CNTF-Derived Neuropeptide · Animal Model Evidence","categories":["neuropeptide","neurogenesis","neurotrophic","cntf-derived"],"color":"purple","summary":"Synthetic ~21-amino-acid peptide derived from ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). Activates CNTFR/LIFR/gp130 heterotrimeric receptor complex on neural stem cells to promote neurogenesis, stem cell self-renewal, and neuroregeneration. Animal models demonstrate effects in olfactory epithelium regeneration, CDKL5 deficiency disorder, and hippocampal neurogenesis. No clinical trial data in humans.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"animal-mechanistic","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":36,"cited_claims":8,"uncited_claims":28,"citation_density":13,"citation_ratio":0.22}},{"slug":"pancragen","name":"Pancragen","peptide_class":"Bioregulatory Tetrapeptide","classification":"Bioregulatory Tetrapeptide · Khavinson School","categories":["bioregulator","pancreatic","anti-diabetic","cytoprotective"],"color":"teal","summary":"Four-amino-acid bioregulatory peptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp) developed by the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Demonstrated restoration of glucose tolerance and pancreatic endocrine function in aged non-human primates. Stimulates expression of pancreatic differentiation factors (Pdx1, Pax6, Ptf1a) in both acinar and islet cells during cellular senescence. Russian-tradition peptide bioregulator with tissue-specific pancreoprotective activity.","summary_cite":["goncharova-2014","khavinson-2013"],"evidence_level":"animal-strong","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":39,"cited_claims":23,"uncited_claims":16,"citation_density":25,"citation_ratio":0.59}},{"slug":"pe-22-28","name":"PE 22-28","peptide_class":"TREK-1 Antagonist","classification":"TREK-1 Antagonist · Pre-Clinical","categories":["antidepressant","neuroprotective","trek-1-blocker"],"color":"purple","summary":"Seven-amino-acid fragment of spadin (PE 12-28), a sortilin-derived peptide that selectively blocks TREK-1 potassium channels. Demonstrates potent antidepressant-like activity in rodent models at sub-nanomolar concentrations (IC50 0.12 nM vs 40-60 nM for full spadin). Shorter sequence confers enhanced in vivo stability, blood-brain barrier penetration, and improved therapeutic window. Pre-clinical only — no human trials reported.","summary_cite":["djillani-2017","mazella-2018"],"evidence_level":"animal-strong","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":47,"cited_claims":16,"uncited_claims":31,"citation_density":25,"citation_ratio":0.34}},{"slug":"peg-mgf","name":"PEG-MGF","peptide_class":"IGF-1 Splice Variant","classification":"IGF-1Ec Splice Variant · PEGylated","categories":["igf-axis","splice-variant","pegylated","recovery"],"color":"purple","summary":"PEGylated variant of mechano growth factor (MGF / IGF-1Ec), a splice variant of IGF-1 upregulated by mechanical loading. Polyethylene glycol conjugation extends plasma half-life from ~7 minutes (native MGF) to approximately 2 hours. Research application targets satellite cell activation, muscle repair, and post-exercise recovery. Not FDA-approved; limited to preclinical and mechanistic studies.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"animal-mechanistic","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":69,"cited_claims":2,"uncited_claims":67,"citation_density":2,"citation_ratio":0.03}},{"slug":"pinealon","name":"Pinealon","peptide_class":"Tetrapeptide bioregulator","classification":"Pineal-derived · Neuroprotective","categories":["longevity","anti-aging","neuroprotective","peptide-bioregulator"],"color":"purple","summary":"Synthetic tetrapeptide (Glu-Asp-Arg) developed at the Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Russian literature reports neuroprotective and antioxidant effects, particularly in age-related cognitive decline. Limited Western RCT data. Frequently used anecdotally for cognitive support and longevity, often in combination with Epitalon.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"human-mechanistic","maturity":"auto-drafted","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":36,"cited_claims":8,"uncited_claims":28,"citation_density":8,"citation_ratio":0.22}},{"slug":"pnc-27","name":"PNC-27","peptide_class":"Anticancer Peptide","classification":"p53-HDM-2 Peptide · Membrane-Targeting","categories":["anticancer","p53-derived","membrane-disrupting","preclinical"],"color":"purple","summary":"Synthetic 32-amino-acid anticancer peptide combining the HDM-2-binding domain of p53 (residues 12-26) with a cell-penetrating peptide sequence. Selectively induces necrosis in cancer cells via transmembrane pore formation after binding to membrane-associated HDM-2, sparing normal cells which express minimal membrane HDM-2. Pre-clinical studies demonstrate efficacy across solid tumors and hematologic malignancies.","summary_cite":["pincus-2024","sarafrazyazdi-2022"],"evidence_level":"animal-strong","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":41,"cited_claims":18,"uncited_claims":23,"citation_density":24,"citation_ratio":0.44}},{"slug":"prostamax","name":"Prostamax","peptide_class":"Khavinson Bioregulator","classification":"Khavinson Bioregulator · Tissue-Specific Peptide","categories":["bioregulator","khavinson-peptides","prostate","epigenetic"],"color":"purple","summary":"Synthetic tetrapeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro) developed in the Khavinson bioregulator tradition for prostate-targeted tissue regeneration. Animal and organotypic culture data demonstrate prostatic tissue-specific stimulation, chromatin decondensation, and functional restoration in aged and BPH models. Acts as putative epigenetic regulator by deheterochromatinization, reversing age-related transcriptional silencing in target tissues.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"animal-mechanistic","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":38,"cited_claims":11,"uncited_claims":27,"citation_density":14,"citation_ratio":0.29}},{"slug":"pt-141","name":"PT-141","peptide_class":"Melanocortin-4 Receptor Agonist","classification":"MC4R Agonist · FDA-Approved (HSDD)","categories":["sexual-function","mc4r","fda-approved","melanocortin"],"color":"rose","summary":"Cyclic 7-amino-acid peptide and MC4R-selective agonist derived from α-MSH. FDA-approved 2019 (Vyleesi) for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in pre-menopausal women — the first centrally-acting peptide for sexual dysfunction. Acts on hypothalamic melanocortin pathways to drive arousal independent of vascular pathways (unlike PDE5 inhibitors).","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"fda-approved","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":true,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":41,"cited_claims":13,"uncited_claims":28,"citation_density":15,"citation_ratio":0.32}},{"slug":"ptd-dbm","name":"PTD-DBM","peptide_class":"Fusion Peptide","classification":"Wnt Pathway Activator · Fusion Peptide","categories":["wnt-pathway","regenerative","hair-growth","wound-healing"],"color":"purple","summary":"Fusion peptide combining a protein transduction domain with a Dishevelled-binding motif. Inhibits CXXC5–Dishevelled interaction, activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Animal models demonstrate hair regeneration via PGD2-mediated pathway reversal and accelerated wound healing with reduced scar formation.","summary_cite":["lee-2015","ryu-2023","lee-2023"],"evidence_level":"animal-strong","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":40,"cited_claims":10,"uncited_claims":30,"citation_density":14,"citation_ratio":0.25}},{"slug":"retatrutide","name":"Retatrutide","peptide_class":"GLP-1 / GIP / Glucagon Triple Agonist","classification":"Triple-receptor agonist · Phase 3","categories":["glp-1","gip","glucagon","lipolytic","weight-management"],"color":"rose","summary":"Investigational triple-receptor agonist of GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors developed by Eli Lilly, with Phase 3 trials ongoing as of 2026. The Phase 2 trial (Jastreboff et al., NEJM 2023) demonstrated 24.2% body-weight reduction at 12 mg over 48 weeks.","summary_cite":["jastreboff-2023-reta"],"evidence_level":"phase-2","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":41,"cited_claims":4,"uncited_claims":37,"citation_density":4,"citation_ratio":0.1}},{"slug":"selank","name":"Selank","peptide_class":"Heptapeptide bioregulator","classification":"Anxiolytic + Cognitive · Russian Pharma","categories":["cognitive","anxiolytic","immunomodulator","peptide-bioregulator"],"color":"purple","summary":"Synthetic 7-amino-acid peptide developed at the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences from the immunomodulator tuftsin. Reported in Russian clinical studies to produce anxiolytic effects without sedation or dependence. Acts via modulation of monoamine neurotransmission and the immune-CNS axis. Licensed in Russia + Ukraine; not approved elsewhere.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"human-mechanistic","maturity":"auto-drafted","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":40,"cited_claims":11,"uncited_claims":29,"citation_density":13,"citation_ratio":0.28}},{"slug":"semaglutide","name":"Semaglutide","peptide_class":"GLP-1 Receptor Agonist","classification":"GLP-1 RA · FDA-Approved","categories":["glp-1","glucagon-like-peptide","lipolytic","fda-approved","weight-management"],"color":"amber","summary":"Long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist with C-18 fatty-acid acylation that enables albumin binding and a ~7-day half-life. FDA-approved 2017 for type 2 diabetes (Ozempic) and 2021 for chronic weight management (Wegovy). The STEP-1 trial showed 14.9% body-weight reduction over 68 weeks at 2.4 mg/week.","summary_cite":["wilding-2021"],"evidence_level":"fda-approved","maturity":"flagship","fda_approved":true,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":53,"cited_claims":15,"uncited_claims":38,"citation_density":17,"citation_ratio":0.28}},{"slug":"semax","name":"Semax","peptide_class":"Heptapeptide ACTH(4-10) analog","classification":"Cognitive enhancer · Russian Pharma","categories":["cognitive","nootropic","neuroprotective","anxiolytic"],"color":"purple","summary":"Synthetic 7-amino-acid peptide derived from the active fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH 4-10). Developed at the Russian Academy of Sciences in the 1980s. Used clinically in Russia for stroke recovery and cognitive support. Increases BDNF and NGF, modulates monoamine systems, and shows anxiolytic + nootropic effects.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"human-mechanistic","maturity":"auto-drafted","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":39,"cited_claims":12,"uncited_claims":27,"citation_density":16,"citation_ratio":0.31}},{"slug":"sermorelin","name":"Sermorelin","peptide_class":"GHRH Analogue (1-29)","classification":"GHRH 1-29 fragment · Short-acting","categories":["gh-axis","ghrh","short-acting"],"color":"blue","summary":"29-amino-acid synthetic analogue of the bioactive N-terminal fragment of human GHRH. Was FDA-approved (1990s) under the brand Geref for diagnosis of GH deficiency in children but withdrawn from the market for commercial reasons (not safety). Acts at the same GHRH receptor as native GHRH and tesamorelin but with shorter half-life (~12 min) and unmodified backbone, making it the simplest GHRH analogue.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"phase-3","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":43,"cited_claims":10,"uncited_claims":33,"citation_density":12,"citation_ratio":0.23}},{"slug":"snap-8","name":"SNAP-8","peptide_class":"SNARE Inhibitor Peptide","classification":"Synthetic Octapeptide · Cosmetic Topical","categories":["cosmetic","topical","neurotransmitter-modulator","anti-aging"],"color":"cyan","summary":"Synthetic 8-amino-acid peptide derived from the N-terminal region of SNAP-25, a component of the neuronal SNARE complex. Proposed to interfere with SNARE-mediated vesicular neurotransmitter release when applied topically; studied for effects on muscle contraction intensity and facial wrinkle depth. Marketed in topical cosmetic formulations as an alternative to injectable neuromodulators.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"human-mechanistic","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":46,"cited_claims":8,"uncited_claims":38,"citation_density":10,"citation_ratio":0.17}},{"slug":"ss-31","name":"SS-31","peptide_class":"Mitochondrial-targeted tetrapeptide","classification":"Cardiolipin-binding · Mitochondrial protective","categories":["mitochondrial","cardiovascular","longevity","ischemia-reperfusion","fda-approved"],"color":"teal","summary":"Synthetic four-amino-acid peptide that selectively localises to the inner mitochondrial membrane by binding cardiolipin. Stabilises cristae structure, preserves electron transport chain efficiency, and reduces ROS generation in stressed mitochondria. Other indications studied in Phase 2/3 trials — including ischemia-reperfusion and dry AMD — remain investigational, and research-grade SS-31 is not an approved product. Approval applies to the specific product Forzinity (elamipretide hydrochloride), granted US FDA accelerated approval on 19 September 2025 to improve muscle strength in adult and pediatric patients with Barth syndrome weighing at least 30 kg, with continued approval potentially contingent on confirmatory benefit.","summary_cite":["fda-forzinity-label-2025"],"evidence_level":"fda-approved","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":true,"last_reviewed":"2026-07-18","stats":{"total_claims":43,"cited_claims":7,"uncited_claims":36,"citation_density":8,"citation_ratio":0.16}},{"slug":"survodutide","name":"Survodutide","peptide_class":"GLP-1/Glucagon Dual Agonist","classification":"GLP-1/Glucagon Dual Agonist · Phase 3","categories":["glp1","glucagon-agonist","dual-agonist","obesity","mash"],"color":"purple","summary":"Dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist developed by Boehringer Ingelheim and Zealand Pharma, currently in Phase 3 trials (SYNCHRONIZE program) for obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Phase 2 data demonstrated significant weight loss through reduced energy intake and increased energy expenditure. Acts centrally via circumventricular organs and peripherally on hepatic and pancreatic receptors. Once-weekly subcutaneous administration.","summary_cite":["yathindra-2026","rubino-2026","zimmermann-2026"],"evidence_level":"phase-3","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":54,"cited_claims":25,"uncited_claims":29,"citation_density":33,"citation_ratio":0.46}},{"slug":"tb-500","name":"TB-500","peptide_class":"Actin-sequestering peptide","classification":"Thymosin β4 fragment · Healing","categories":["healing","cardiovascular","hair","wound-healing"],"color":"teal","summary":"Synthetic 17-amino-acid fragment of human thymosin β4 (TMSB4X), itself a 43-residue actin-sequestering protein abundant in platelets, white blood cells, and many other tissues. Promotes endothelial cell migration, blood vessel development, and accelerated wound re-epithelialization across animal models and Phase 2 trials.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"phase-2","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":46,"cited_claims":3,"uncited_claims":43,"citation_density":4,"citation_ratio":0.07}},{"slug":"teriparatide","name":"Teriparatide","peptide_class":"PTH Fragment","classification":"PTH (1-34) Fragment · FDA-Approved","categories":["bone-anabolic","pth-analog","osteoporosis","fda-approved"],"color":"cyan","summary":"Recombinant 1-34 fragment of human parathyroid hormone, FDA-approved (Forteo, 2002) for severe osteoporosis, glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, and hypoparathyroidism. Daily subcutaneous administration stimulates osteoblast-mediated bone formation, increasing bone mineral density at spine and hip. Anabolic effect wanes after 12-18 months due to receptor desensitization, depletion of bone-forming surfaces, and upregulation of endogenous Wnt antagonists.","summary_cite":["tournis-2026","ferrari-2026"],"evidence_level":"fda-approved","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":true,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":62,"cited_claims":10,"uncited_claims":52,"citation_density":11,"citation_ratio":0.16}},{"slug":"tesamorelin","name":"Tesamorelin","peptide_class":"GHRH Analogue","classification":"GHRH Analogue · FDA-Approved","categories":["gh-axis","ghrh","lipolytic","fda-approved"],"color":"blue","summary":"Synthetic 44-amino-acid GHRH analogue, FDA-approved (2010) for HIV-associated lipodystrophy. Distinguished from native GHRH by a trans-3-hexenoic-acid modification that extends plasma half-life from ~7 minutes to ~26 minutes. Stimulates pulsatile growth hormone release from the anterior pituitary, elevating IGF-1 and reducing visceral adipose tissue over 26 weeks in the Phase 3 approval trial.","summary_cite":["falutz-2007"],"evidence_level":"fda-approved","maturity":"flagship","fda_approved":true,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":68,"cited_claims":26,"uncited_claims":42,"citation_density":28,"citation_ratio":0.38}},{"slug":"tesofensine","name":"Tesofensine","peptide_class":"Triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor (small molecule)","classification":"SNDRI · Phase 3 obesity candidate","categories":["weight-management","monoamine","small-molecule"],"color":"rose","summary":"Originally developed for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, tesofensine is a small-molecule (not technically a peptide) triple reuptake inhibitor of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine; listed for class completeness. A Phase 3 trial in Mexico (Medix) has been completed. Phase 2b in obesity (Astrup Lancet 2008) demonstrated 9.2% mean weight loss at 0.5 mg/day over 24 weeks.","summary_cite":["astrup-2008-tesofensine"],"evidence_level":"phase-3","maturity":"auto-drafted","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":40,"cited_claims":8,"uncited_claims":32,"citation_density":8,"citation_ratio":0.2}},{"slug":"testagen","name":"Testagen","peptide_class":"Bioregulator Peptide","classification":"Bioregulator Peptide · Khavinson School","categories":["bioregulator","testicular-function","khavinson-school"],"color":"purple","summary":"Short tetrapeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly) from the Khavinson bioregulator tradition, proposed as a testicular tissue-specific regulator. Animal models suggest support for testicular function and spermatogenesis; evidence remains limited to mechanistic and animal studies, with no human clinical trials or regulatory approval. In vitro, the peptide penetrates cell nuclei and shows sequence-specific interaction with deoxyribooligonucleotides and DNA.","summary_cite":["fedoreyeva-2011"],"evidence_level":"animal-mechanistic","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":41,"cited_claims":11,"uncited_claims":30,"citation_density":11,"citation_ratio":0.27}},{"slug":"thymalin","name":"Thymalin","peptide_class":"Polypeptide complex (thymus-derived)","classification":"Immune restorer · Russian peptide bioregulator","categories":["immune","anti-aging","peptide-bioregulator"],"color":"teal","summary":"Polypeptide complex isolated from calf thymus by the Khavinson group (Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology). Used in Russia for decades to support immune function in elderly and post-treatment patients. Russian clinical trials report restoration of T-cell populations and reduced infection rates. Limited Western data.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"human-mechanistic","maturity":"auto-drafted","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":40,"cited_claims":12,"uncited_claims":28,"citation_density":16,"citation_ratio":0.3}},{"slug":"thymosin-alpha-1","name":"Thymosin α-1","peptide_class":"Synthetic 28-AA thymic peptide","classification":"Immune modulator · Approved (some countries)","categories":["immune","hepatitis","anti-aging","oncology"],"color":"teal","summary":"Synthetic 28-amino-acid peptide identical to a peptide isolated from calf thymus. Approved as Zadaxin (thymalfasin) in 35+ countries for chronic hepatitis B + C, immune restoration after chemotherapy, and investigated as an HIV/HBV vaccine adjuvant. Not FDA-approved in the US, but extensive Phase 3 data exists.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"phase-3","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":39,"cited_claims":8,"uncited_claims":31,"citation_density":9,"citation_ratio":0.21}},{"slug":"tirzepatide","name":"Tirzepatide","peptide_class":"GIP / GLP-1 Dual Receptor Agonist","classification":"GIP+GLP-1 Dual Agonist · FDA-Approved","categories":["glp-1","gip","lipolytic","fda-approved","weight-management"],"color":"rose","summary":"First-in-class dual agonist of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors. FDA-approved 2022 for type 2 diabetes (Mounjaro) and 2023 for chronic weight management (Zepbound). The SURMOUNT-1 trial showed 20.9% body-weight reduction at 15 mg/week.","summary_cite":["jastreboff-2022"],"evidence_level":"fda-approved","maturity":"flagship","fda_approved":true,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-25","stats":{"total_claims":45,"cited_claims":11,"uncited_claims":34,"citation_density":14,"citation_ratio":0.24}},{"slug":"triptorelin","name":"Triptorelin","peptide_class":"GnRH Agonist","classification":"GnRH Agonist · FDA-Approved","categories":["gnrh-agonist","hormone-suppression","fda-approved","oncology"],"color":"purple","summary":"Synthetic decapeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist, FDA-approved for advanced prostate cancer, endometriosis, and central precocious puberty. Initial pituitary flare (1–3 weeks) followed by receptor downregulation produces sustained suppression of LH, FSH, and downstream sex hormones. Available in 1-month, 3-month, and 6-month depot formulations. Distinguished by biphasic mechanism: transient stimulation, then prolonged castration-level testosterone (<50 ng/dL).","summary_cite":["jia-2025","yee-2025","anon-2012"],"evidence_level":"fda-approved","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":true,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":64,"cited_claims":16,"uncited_claims":48,"citation_density":23,"citation_ratio":0.25}},{"slug":"vesugen","name":"Vesugen","peptide_class":"Bioregulatory Tripeptide","classification":"Bioregulatory Tripeptide · Vascular Endothelium","categories":["bioregulatory","vascular","khavinson-school","endothelial"],"color":"cyan","summary":"Synthetic tripeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp) from the Khavinson bioregulatory peptide school. Designed for vascular endothelium targeting. Animal models demonstrate normalisation of endothelin-1 expression in atherosclerotic and restenotic vessels, restoration of connexin-mediated cell interactions, and stimulation of Ki-67-associated proliferation in aged endothelial cells. Proposed mechanism: epigenetic modulation via promoter binding to MKI67 and endothelial marker genes. Clinical data limited to Russian-language case series in elderly populations with vascular insufficiency.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"animal-mechanistic","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":43,"cited_claims":5,"uncited_claims":38,"citation_density":7,"citation_ratio":0.12}},{"slug":"vilon","name":"Vilon","peptide_class":"Khavinson Bioregulator","classification":"Khavinson Bioregulator · Dipeptide","categories":["bioregulator","immune-modulation","khavinson-peptide"],"color":"teal","summary":"Dipeptide (Lys-Glu) from the Khavinson bioregulator school. Smallest Khavinson peptide. Animal models demonstrate immune cell differentiation induction, thymocyte proliferation enhancement, and potential lifespan extension. Proposed mechanism: epigenetic modulation via gene expression suppression (CCL11, HMGB1) in aging chromatin. Clinical evidence absent; Russian gerontological literature dominant.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"animal-strong","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":49,"cited_claims":13,"uncited_claims":36,"citation_density":19,"citation_ratio":0.27}},{"slug":"vip","name":"VIP","peptide_class":"Neuropeptide","classification":"Neuropeptide · VPAC1/VPAC2 Agonist · Emergency Use Authorization (COVID-19 ARDS)","categories":["neuropeptide","vasodilator","anti-inflammatory","respiratory"],"color":"purple","summary":"28-amino-acid endogenous neuropeptide and VPAC1/VPAC2 GPCR agonist. Mediates vasodilation, smooth muscle relaxation, and potent anti-inflammatory effects in pulmonary tissue. Aviptadil (synthetic VIP analogue) received FDA Fast Track designation for COVID-19 ARDS and is under investigation for congenital diaphragmatic hernia, transfusion-related acute lung injury, and post-COVID pulmonary fibrosis.","summary_cite":[],"evidence_level":"phase-3","maturity":"human-reviewed","fda_approved":false,"last_reviewed":"2026-04-27","stats":{"total_claims":42,"cited_claims":9,"uncited_claims":33,"citation_density":10,"citation_ratio":0.21}}]}