# PeptidesDB — Full Reference Corpus

> Per-compound research-peptide reference for AI assistants and answer engines. Claims link to primary literature where available. Reference information for research use only; no medical advice.
> Source: https://peptidesdb.org · License: MIT · API: https://peptidesdb.org/api/peptides

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# 5-Amino-1MQ (NNMT Inhibitor)
Also known as: 5-Amino-1-Methylquinolinium, 5A-1MQ
Formula C10H11N2+ · 159.21 g/mol · PubChem CID 950107

## Quick facts
- Class: NNMT Inhibitor
- Evidence level: Strong animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) [neelakantan-2018-namq]
- Pathway: NNMT inhibition → preserved cellular SAM + NAD⁺ → restored methylation balance + ↑ thermogenic gene expression [neelakantan-2018-namq]
- Downstream effect: Reversal of HFD-induced obesity in murine models; improved metabolic profile [neelakantan-2018-namq]

## FAQ
### How does 5-Amino-1MQ work?
5-Amino-1MQ acts on Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), signalling via NNMT inhibition → preserved cellular SAM + NAD⁺ → restored methylation balance + ↑ thermogenic gene expression. [neelakantan-2018-namq] [neelakantan-2018-namq]

### Is 5-Amino-1MQ FDA-approved?
5-Amino-1MQ is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [neelakantan-2018-namq] Neelakantan 2018 — Selective and membrane-permeable small molecule inhibitors of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase reverse high fat diet-induced obesity in mice (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29155147/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/5-amino-1mq
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# ACE-031 (Activin Receptor IIB Decoy)
Also known as: Ramatercept, ActRIIB-Fc

## Quick facts
- Class: Activin Receptor IIB Decoy
- Evidence level: Phase 2 clinical
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## FAQ
### Is ACE-031 FDA-approved?
ACE-031 is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [reichel-2025] Reichel 2025 — Gel Electrophoretic Detection of Black Market ACE-031. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40312924/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/ace-031
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Adamax (ACTH(4-10) Analogue)
Also known as: ACTH(4-10) analog, corticotropin 4-10 derivative

## Quick facts
- Class: ACTH(4-10) Analogue
- Evidence level: Strong animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## FAQ
### Is Adamax FDA-approved?
Adamax is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [arushanian-2008] Arushanian 2008 — [Chronotropic activity of semax]. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18488900/)
- [dolotov-2006] Dolotov 2006 — Semax, an analog of ACTH(4-10) with cognitive effects, regulates BDNF and trkB expression in the rat hippocampus. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16996037/)
- [glazova-2021] Glazova 2021 — Semax, synthetic ACTH(4-10) analogue, attenuates behavioural and neurochemical alterations following early-life fluvoxamine exposure in white rats. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33418449/)
- [gruber-1984] Gruber 1984 — Natriuretic and hypertensive activities reside in a fragment of ACTH. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6086516/)
- [smolnik-2000] Smolnik 2000 — Event-related brain potentials and working memory function in healthy humans after single-dose and prolonged intranasal administration of adrenocorticotropin 4-10 and desacetyl-alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10917406/)
- [teter-2001] Teter 2001 — Changes in rabbits' behaviour under the influence of corticotropin derivative analogue 4-10 in spontaneous conditions. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11977344/)
- [van-1978] van 1978 — [Possible consequence of ACTH-like peptides for human mental performance (author's transl)]. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/223580/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/adamax
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

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# Adipotide (Pro-apoptotic Vascular-Targeting Peptide)
Also known as: CKGGRAKDC-GG-D(KLAKLAK)2, Prohibitin-targeted peptide
Formula C111H206N36O28S2 · 2557.2 g/mol · PubChem CID 163360068

## Quick facts
- Class: Pro-apoptotic Vascular-Targeting Peptide
- Evidence level: Strong animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Prohibitin-1 (PHB1) on adipose vasculature endothelium [hossen-2013]

## FAQ
### How does Adipotide work?
Adipotide acts on Prohibitin-1 (PHB1) on adipose vasculature endothelium. [hossen-2013]

### Is Adipotide FDA-approved?
Adipotide is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [hossen-2013] Hossen 2013 — A comparative study between nanoparticle-targeted therapeutics and bioconjugates as obesity medication. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23871959/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/adipotide
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# AHK-Cu (Tripeptide-Copper Complex)
Also known as: L-alanyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+, Ala-His-Lys-Cu
Formula C15H24ClCuN6O4- · 451.39 g/mol · PubChem CID 168431292

## Quick facts
- Class: Tripeptide-Copper Complex
- Evidence level: Mechanistic animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Dermal papilla cells (DPCs) — specialized fibroblasts in hair follicle morphogenesis [pyo-2007]
- Pathway: AHK-Cu → DPC proliferation → VEGF elevation, TGF-β1 suppression → Angiogenesis, follicle elongation [pyo-2007]
- Downstream effect: Stimulates hair follicle elongation ex vivo, reduces dermal papilla cell apoptosis, elevates Bcl-2/Bax ratio, reduces cleaved caspase-3 and PARP [pyo-2007]

## FAQ
### How does AHK-Cu work?
AHK-Cu acts on Dermal papilla cells (DPCs) — specialized fibroblasts in hair follicle morphogenesis, signalling via AHK-Cu → DPC proliferation → VEGF elevation, TGF-β1 suppression → Angiogenesis, follicle elongation. [pyo-2007] [pyo-2007]

### Is AHK-Cu FDA-approved?
AHK-Cu is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [pyo-2007] Pyo 2007 — The effect of tripeptide-copper complex on human hair growth in vitro. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17703734/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/ahk-cu
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# AOD-9604 (Lipolytic HGH C-terminal fragment)
Also known as: AOD9604, HGH 176-191, AOD
Formula C78H123N23O23S2 · 1815.1 g/mol · PubChem CID 71300630

## Quick facts
- Class: Lipolytic HGH C-terminal fragment
- Evidence level: Phase 2 clinical
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## FAQ
### Is AOD-9604 FDA-approved?
AOD-9604 is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [heffernan-2001] Heffernan 2001 — The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11713213/)
- [ng-2008] Ng 2000 — Metabolic studies of a synthetic lipolytic domain (AOD9604) of human growth hormone (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11146367/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/aod-9604
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

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# ARA 290 (EPO-Derived Peptide)
Also known as: Cibinetide, pHBSP
Formula C51H84N16O21 · 1257.3 g/mol · PubChem CID 91810664

## Quick facts
- Class: EPO-Derived Peptide
- Evidence level: Phase 2 clinical
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## FAQ
### Is ARA 290 FDA-approved?
ARA 290 is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [brines-2015] Brines 2015 — ARA 290, a nonerythropoietic peptide engineered from erythropoietin, improves metabolic control and neuropathic symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25387363/)
- [culver-2017] Culver 2017 — Cibinetide Improves Corneal Nerve Fiber Abundance in Patients With Sarcoidosis-Associated Small Nerve Fiber Loss and Neuropathic Pain. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28475703/)
- [liu-2014] Liu 2014 — Erythropoietin-derived nonerythropoietic peptide ameliorates experimental autoimmune neuritis by inflammation suppression and tissue protection. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24603865/)
- [van-2014] van 2014 — ARA 290 for treatment of small fiber neuropathy in sarcoidosis. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24555851/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/ara-290
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

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# BPC-157 (Pentadecapeptide)
Also known as: BPC 157, BPC157, Body Protection Compound, PL-14736
Formula C62H98N16O22 · 1419.5 g/mol · PubChem CID 9941957

## Quick facts
- Class: Pentadecapeptide
- Evidence level: Phase 2 clinical
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## FAQ
### Is BPC-157 FDA-approved?
BPC-157 is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [hwang-2016] Hwang 2016 — BPC 157 (PL 14736) — Crohn's disease phase II clinical trial (https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00305513)
- [sikiric-2018] Sikiric 2018 — Novel Cytoprotective Mediator, Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157. Vascular Recruitment and Gastrointestinal Tract Healing (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29879879/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/bpc-157
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

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# BPC-157 + TB-500 Blend (Multi-peptide blend)
Also known as: BPC-157/TB-500, BPC + TB blend

## Quick facts
- Class: Multi-peptide blend
- Evidence level: Theoretical / early
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## FAQ
### Is BPC-157 + TB-500 Blend FDA-approved?
BPC-157 + TB-500 Blend is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/bpc-157-tb-500-blend
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Bronchogen (Tetrapeptide Bioregulator)
Also known as: Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu, AEDL

## Quick facts
- Class: Tetrapeptide Bioregulator
- Evidence level: Strong animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Bronchial epithelial cells [kuzubova-2015]
- Downstream effect: Reversal of goblet cell hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia elimination, restoration of ciliated epithelium, normalized secretory IgA and surfactant protein B production [kuzubova-2015] [titova-2017]

## FAQ
### How does Bronchogen work?
Bronchogen acts on Bronchial epithelial cells. [kuzubova-2015]

### Is Bronchogen FDA-approved?
Bronchogen is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [kuzubova-2015] Kuzubova 2015 — Modulating Effect of Peptide Therapy on the Morphofunctional State of Bronchial Epithelium in Rats with Obstructive Lung Pathology. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26468022/)
- [titova-2017] Titova 2017 — [ANTIINFLAMMATORY AND REGENERATIVE EFFECT OF PEPTIDE THERAPY IN THE MODEL OF OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG PATHOLOGY]. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30199201/)
- [zakutski-2006] Zakutskiĭ 2006 — [The tissue-specific effect of synthetic peptides-biologic regulators in organotypic tissues culture in young and old rats]. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17152728/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/bronchogen
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Cagrilintide (Amylin Analogue)
Also known as: AM833, CagriSema (combination form)
Formula C194H312N54O59S2 · 4409 g/mol · PubChem CID 171397054

## Quick facts
- Class: Amylin Analogue
- Evidence level: Phase 3 clinical
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Amylin receptor (AMYR) and calcitonin receptor (CTR) heterodimeric complexes [bailey-2026]
- Pathway: AMYR/CTR agonism → Central satiety signaling → Reduced food intake, delayed gastric emptying, suppressed glucagon [bailey-2026]
- Downstream effect: Central satiety induction, prandial glucagon suppression, reduced caloric intake, weight loss, improved glycemic control [bailey-2026] [yamauchi-2026]

## FAQ
### How does Cagrilintide work?
Cagrilintide acts on Amylin receptor (AMYR) and calcitonin receptor (CTR) heterodimeric complexes, signalling via AMYR/CTR agonism → Central satiety signaling → Reduced food intake, delayed gastric emptying, suppressed glucagon. [bailey-2026] [bailey-2026]

### Is Cagrilintide FDA-approved?
Cagrilintide is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [ahmed-2026] Ahmed 2026 — Efficacy and Safety of Cagrilintide and Cagrisema Versus Semaglutide as Anti-Obesity Medications: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41834765/)
- [bailey-2026] Bailey 2026 — Long-acting amylin-related peptides as therapies for obesity and type 2 diabetes. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41747885/)
- [lempesis-2026] Lempesis 2026 — Obesity pharmacotherapy reimagined: The era of multi-receptor agonists and next-generation metabolic modulators, perspectives and controversies. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41948476/)
- [old-2026] Old 2026 — Mitochondrial Adaptations in Skeletal Muscle Following Incretin-Based Therapies: In Vitro. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41852165/)
- [pardali-2026] Pardali 2026 — New Drugs on the Block: Dietary Management and Nutritional Considerations During the Use of Anti-Obesity Medication. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41901137/)
- [yamauchi-2026] Yamauchi 2026 — Efficacy and safety of co-administered cagrilintide and semaglutide versus semaglutide alone in adults with overweight or obesity with or without type 2 diabetes in Japan and Taiwan (REDEFINE 5): a multicentre, randomised, active-controlled, phase 3a trial. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42009015/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/cagrilintide
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Cardiogen (Bioregulator Peptide)
Also known as: cardiac bioregulator, heart peptide

## Quick facts
- Class: Bioregulator Peptide
- Evidence level: Mechanistic animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Cardiovascular cell gene expression [khavinson-2022]
- Pathway: Peptide bioregulation → modulation of SASP / inflammaging → cardiac tissue homeostasis [khavinson-2022]

## FAQ
### How does Cardiogen work?
Cardiogen acts on Cardiovascular cell gene expression, signalling via Peptide bioregulation → modulation of SASP / inflammaging → cardiac tissue homeostasis. [khavinson-2022] [khavinson-2022]

### Is Cardiogen FDA-approved?
Cardiogen is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [khavinson-2022] Khavinson 2022 — Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype of Cardiovascular System Cells and Inflammaging: Perspectives of Peptide Regulation. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36611900/)
- [kuznik-2011] Kuznik 2011 — [Heat shock proteins: aging changes, development thrombotic diseases and peptidergic regulation of genes]. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22550861/)
- [kuznik-2016] Kuznik 2016 — [The JAM Family of Molecules and Their Role in the Regulation of Physiological and Pathological Processes]. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29283236/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/cardiogen
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Cartalax (Bioregulator Peptide)
Also known as: cartilage bioregulator

## Quick facts
- Class: Bioregulator Peptide
- Evidence level: Mechanistic animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) undergoing chondrogenic differentiation [linkova-2023]
- Pathway: Modulation of WNT, ERK-p38, and Smad 1/5/8 signaling pathways [linkova-2023]
- Downstream effect: Upregulation of chondrogenic genes (COL2, SOX9, ACAN); increased bone mineral density; osteoprotective effects in ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis [linkova-2023] [povorozniuk-2007]

## FAQ
### How does Cartalax work?
Cartalax acts on Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) undergoing chondrogenic differentiation, signalling via Modulation of WNT, ERK-p38, and Smad 1/5/8 signaling pathways. [linkova-2023] [linkova-2023]

### Is Cartalax FDA-approved?
Cartalax is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [linkova-2023] Linkova 2023 — Peptide Regulation of Chondrogenic Stem Cell Differentiation. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37176122/)
- [povorozniuk-2007] Povorozniuk 2007 — [Effect of peptide regulators on the structural and functional status of bone tissue in ageing rats]. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18306703/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/cartalax
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Cerebrolysin (Neurotrophic Peptide Preparation)
Also known as: FPF 1070, porcine brain peptides

## Quick facts
- Class: Neurotrophic Peptide Preparation
- Evidence level: Phase 3 clinical
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## FAQ
### Is Cerebrolysin FDA-approved?
Cerebrolysin is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [afridi-2026] Afridi 2026 — Efficacy and Safety of Cerebrolysin as an Adjunct to Mechanical Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41880098/)
- [kalinin-2025] Kalinin 2025 — Cerebrolysin, hemorrhagic transformation, and anticoagulation timing after reperfusion therapy in stroke: post hoc secondary analysis of the CEREHETIS trial. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41640685/)
- [khatkova-2026] Khatkova 2026 — [Experience of using of Cerebrolysin in comprehensive rehabilitation of a patient after ischemic stroke with motor deficit and aphasia]. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41661016/)
- [kobayashi-2025] Kobayashi 2025 — Safety and feasibility of cerebrolysin in treatment of primary intracerebral hemorrhage (CLINCH)-a prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded endpoint pilot trial. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41180520/)
- [patel-2025] Patel 2025 — Safety and Efficacy of Cerebrolysin for Neurorecovery After Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 14 Randomized Controlled Trials. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41018475/)
- [shchulkin-2026] Shchulkin 2026 — [The effect of neuroprotectors on the level of BDNF, tumor necrosis factor alpha and apoptosis markers, and in acute cerebrovascular accidents]. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41782540/)
- [staszewski-2026] Staszewski 2026 — Cerebrolysin after Endovascular Thrombectomy in Stroke: 12‑Month Functional Outcomes in a Propensity‑Matched Cohort. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41739286/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/cerebrolysin
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Chonluten (Bioregulatory Peptide)
Also known as: bronchial bioregulator, respiratory peptide complex

## Quick facts
- Class: Bioregulatory Peptide
- Evidence level: Mechanistic animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## FAQ
### Is Chonluten FDA-approved?
Chonluten is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [avolio-2022] Avolio 2022 — Peptides Regulating Proliferative Activity and Inflammatory Pathways in the Monocyte/Macrophage THP-1 Cell Line. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35408963/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/chonluten
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# CJC-1295 (no DAC) (GHRH Analogue)
Also known as: CJC-1295 without DAC, Mod GRF 1-29, CJC-1295 no DAC
Formula C165H269N47O46 · 3647.2 g/mol · PubChem CID 91971820

## Quick facts
- Class: GHRH Analogue
- Half-life: ~30 min [ionescu-2006]
- Evidence level: Phase 1 clinical
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Pituitary GHRH receptor [teichman-2006]
- Downstream effect: Pulsatile GH release matching physiological pattern; subsequent IGF-1 elevation [ionescu-2006]

## FAQ
### What is the half-life of CJC-1295 (no DAC)?
The reported half-life of CJC-1295 (no DAC) is ~30 min. [ionescu-2006]

### How does CJC-1295 (no DAC) work?
CJC-1295 (no DAC) acts on Pituitary GHRH receptor. [teichman-2006]

### Is CJC-1295 (no DAC) FDA-approved?
CJC-1295 (no DAC) is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [ionescu-2006] Ionescu 2006 — Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295, a long-acting GH-releasing hormone analog (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17018654/)
- [sigalos-2018] Sigalos 2018 — The safety and efficacy of growth hormone secretagogues (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28400207/)
- [teichman-2006] Teichman 2006 — Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16352683/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/cjc-1295
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Cortagen (Bioregulatory Tetrapeptide)
Also known as: Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro, AEDP

## Quick facts
- Class: Bioregulatory Tetrapeptide
- Evidence level: Mechanistic animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## FAQ
### Is Cortagen FDA-approved?
Cortagen is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [anisimov-2004] Anisimov 2004 — Elucidation of the effect of brain cortex tetrapeptide Cortagen on gene expression in mouse heart by microarray. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15159690/)
- [kozina-2007] Kozina 2007 — Effects of bioactive tetrapeptides on free-radical processes. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18239817/)
- [kuznik-2008] Kuznik 2008 — [Effects of epithalon and cortagene on immunity and hemostasis in neonatally hypophysectomized chicken and old birds]. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19432169/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/cortagen
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Crystagen (Tetrapeptide Bioregulator)
Also known as: Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly, KEDG, Кристаген

## Quick facts
- Class: Tetrapeptide Bioregulator
- Evidence level: Mechanistic animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: B-lymphocytes in splenic tissue [hervyakova-2014]
- Pathway: B-cell activation → Immune modulation during aging [hervyakova-2014]
- Downstream effect: B-cell activation via apoptosis reduction; no observed increase in splenic cell renewal [hervyakova-2014]

## FAQ
### How does Crystagen work?
Crystagen acts on B-lymphocytes in splenic tissue, signalling via B-cell activation → Immune modulation during aging. [hervyakova-2014] [hervyakova-2014]

### Is Crystagen FDA-approved?
Crystagen is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [hervyakova-2014] Сhervyakova 2014 — [Molecular aspects of immunoprotective activity of peptides in spleen during the ageing process]. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28976144/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/crystagen
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Dermorphin (Opioid Peptide)
Also known as: H-Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Gly-Tyr-Pro-Ser-NH2, TAPS, dermorphin heptapeptide
Formula C40H50N8O10 · 802.9 g/mol · PubChem CID 5485199

## Quick facts
- Class: Opioid Peptide
- Evidence level: Strong animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: μ-opioid receptors (central and peripheral) [negri-1992] [steel-2014]

## FAQ
### How does Dermorphin work?
Dermorphin acts on μ-opioid receptors (central and peripheral). [negri-1992] [steel-2014]

### Is Dermorphin FDA-approved?
Dermorphin is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [amiche-1998] Amiche 1998 — Opioid peptides from frog skin. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9949868/)
- [cucumel-1996] Cucumel 1996 — Production and characterization of site-directed antibodies against dermorphin and dermorphin-related peptides. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8899816/)
- [lazarus-1999] Lazarus 1999 — What peptides these deltorphins be. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10080383/)
- [mignogna-1992] Mignogna 1992 — Identification and characterization of two dermorphins from skin extracts of the Amazonian frog Phyllomedusa bicolor. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1633846/)
- [negri-1992] Negri 1992 — Dermorphin-related peptides from the skin of Phyllomedusa bicolor and their amidated analogs activate two mu opioid receptor subtypes that modulate antinociception and catalepsy in the rat. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1353890/)
- [steel-2014] Steel 2014 — A high throughput screen for 17 Dermorphin peptides in equine and human urine and equine plasma. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24259424/)
- [tran-2025] Tran 2025 — Shamanic Kambô Frog Hyponatremic Toxicity Leading to Brain Death: A Case Report. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40502907/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/dermorphin
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Dihexa (Angiotensin IV Analogue)
Also known as: N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6) aminohexanoic amide
Formula C27H44N4O5 · 504.7 g/mol · PubChem CID 129010512

## Quick facts
- Class: Angiotensin IV Analogue
- Evidence level: Strong animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## FAQ
### Is Dihexa FDA-approved?
Dihexa is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [benoist-2014] Benoist 2014 — The procognitive and synaptogenic effects of angiotensin IV-derived peptides are dependent on activation of the hepatocyte growth factor/c-met system. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25187433/)
- [wright-2015] Wright 2015 — The development of small molecule angiotensin IV analogs to treat Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25455861/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/dihexa
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# DSIP (Nonapeptide)
Also known as: Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide, Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu
Formula C35H48N10O15 · 848.8 g/mol · PubChem CID 68816

## Quick facts
- Class: Nonapeptide
- Evidence level: Human mechanistic evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Multiple — modulates HPA axis + thalamic delta-wave generation (proposed) [schneider-1986-dsip]
- Pathway: Reduced cortisol/ACTH + enhanced delta-wave EEG activity → improved sleep onset + depth [schneider-1986-dsip]
- Downstream effect: Faster sleep onset, increased delta sleep, reduced stress response, possible anxiolytic effect [schneider-1986-dsip]

## FAQ
### How does DSIP work?
DSIP acts on Multiple — modulates HPA axis + thalamic delta-wave generation (proposed), signalling via Reduced cortisol/ACTH + enhanced delta-wave EEG activity → improved sleep onset + depth. [schneider-1986-dsip] [schneider-1986-dsip]

### Is DSIP FDA-approved?
DSIP is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [schneider-1986-dsip] Schneider 1986 — Stress and DSIP — sleep modulation (/refs/schneider-1986-dsip)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/dsip
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Epitalon (Tetrapeptide bioregulator)
Also known as: Epithalon, Epithalamin synthetic, Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly
Formula C14H22N4O9 · 390.35 g/mol · PubChem CID 219042

## Quick facts
- Class: Tetrapeptide bioregulator
- Evidence level: Human mechanistic evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Telomerase activity (proposed); pineal melatonin axis modulation [khavinson-2003]

## FAQ
### How does Epitalon work?
Epitalon acts on Telomerase activity (proposed); pineal melatonin axis modulation. [khavinson-2003]

### Is Epitalon FDA-approved?
Epitalon is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [khavinson-2003] Khavinson 2003 — Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12937682/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/epitalon
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Follistatin-344 (Myostatin Antagonist)
Also known as: FST-344, Follistatin isoform 344

## Quick facts
- Class: Myostatin Antagonist
- Evidence level: Human mechanistic evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## FAQ
### Is Follistatin-344 FDA-approved?
Follistatin-344 is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [boonpiraks-2026] Boonpiraks 2026 — Diagnostic Performance of Serum Adiponectin and a Biomarker-Based Model for Sarcopenia in Compensated Cirrhosis. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41908669/)
- [jeong-2026] Jeong 2026 — Effect of exercise on hormonal responses in adolescents with obesity and leptin resistance: a randomized trial. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41535443/)
- [ramirezcisneros-2026] Ramirez-Cisneros 2026 — Lorcaserin induces abdominal fat loss with associated improvements of the circulating metabolome/lipidome and no changes in the myostatin-activin-follistatin-IGF-1 axes: A 6-month long randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41574965/)
- [samali-2025] Samali 2025 — Myostatin inhibitors in sarcopenia treatment: A comprehensive review of mechanisms, efficacy and future directions. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41460393/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/follistatin-344
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# FOXO4-DRI (Senolytic Peptide)
Also known as: FOXO4-DRI, FOXO4 D-retro-inverso
Formula C228H388N86O64 · 5358 g/mol · PubChem CID 167312269

## Quick facts
- Class: Senolytic Peptide
- Evidence level: Strong animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: FOXO4-p53 protein complex in senescent cells [bourgeois-2025] [tripathi-2021]
- Downstream effect: Selective apoptosis of senescent cells; clearance restores tissue homeostasis [tripathi-2021] [alameen-2026]

## FAQ
### How does FOXO4-DRI work?
FOXO4-DRI acts on FOXO4-p53 protein complex in senescent cells. [bourgeois-2025] [tripathi-2021]

### Is FOXO4-DRI FDA-approved?
FOXO4-DRI is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [alameen-2026] Alameen 2026 — Targeting the FOXO4-p53 axis by retro-inverso peptide senolytic agents: a pharmacological strategy to mitigate brain aging and cognitive decline. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42024235/)
- [born-2023] Born 2023 — Eliminating Senescent Cells Can Promote Pulmonary Hypertension Development and Progression. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36515093/)
- [bourgeois-2025] Bourgeois 2025 — The disordered p53 transactivation domain is the target of FOXO4 and the senolytic compound FOXO4-DRI. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40593617/)
- [kohoutova-2025] Kohoutova 2025 — Structural plasticity of the FOXO-DBD:p53-TAD interaction. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40425537/)
- [kong-2025] Kong 2025 — FOXO4-DRI induces keloid senescent fibroblast apoptosis by promoting nuclear exclusion of upregulated p53-serine 15 phosphorylation. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39994346/)
- [pawge-2021] Pawge 2021 — p53 regulated senescence mechanism and role of its modulators in age-related disorders. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34118220/)
- [tripathi-2021] Tripathi 2021 — Development of a novel senolytic by precise disruption of FOXO4-p53 complex. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34768086/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/foxo4
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# GDF-8 (TGF-β Superfamily Myokine)
Also known as: Myostatin, MSTN, Growth Differentiation Factor 8

## Quick facts
- Class: TGF-β Superfamily Myokine
- Evidence level: Strong animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Activin type II receptors (ActRIIA/B) on skeletal muscle [iglesias-2026]
- Downstream effect: Restricts muscle hypertrophy, limits satellite cell activation, increases proteolysis via ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy pathways [gong-2026] [iglesias-2026]

## FAQ
### How does GDF-8 work?
GDF-8 acts on Activin type II receptors (ActRIIA/B) on skeletal muscle. [iglesias-2026]

### Is GDF-8 FDA-approved?
GDF-8 is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [gong-2026] Gong 2026 — Molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy: clinical challenges and future therapeutic strategies. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41865897/)
- [herman-2026] Herman 2026 — Humans with function-disrupting variants in the myostatin gene (MSTN) have increased skeletal muscle mass and strength, and less adiposity. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41826329/)
- [iglesias-2026] Iglesias 2026 — Myostatin in the pituitary-muscle axis: Roles in health and disease. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42025349/)
- [jacquez-2026] Jacquez 2026 — A VLP-based immunogen that elicits selective anti-Myostatin antibodies, enhances muscle mass and strength, and reduces adiposity. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41993333/)
- [li-2026] Li 2026 — Caffeic acid phenethyl ester ameliorates high-fat diet-induced muscle textural deterioration in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) by modulating adipose-muscle crosstalk via myostatin-taz signaling. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41938616/)
- [mansoor-2026] Mansoor 2026 — Active immunization against myostatin and activin A improves skeletal muscle performance in growth hormone-deficient mice. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41876797/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/gdf-8
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# GHK-Cu (Copper-binding tripeptide)
Also known as: GHK, copper peptide, Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper
Formula C14H21CuN6O4- · 400.9 g/mol · PubChem CID 139035031

## Quick facts
- Class: Copper-binding tripeptide
- Evidence level: Human mechanistic evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Copper-dependent enzymes (lysyl oxidase, SOD); regulator of >4000 human genes [pickart-2018]
- Pathway: Cu(II) delivery via GHK chelation → ↑collagen / elastin / GAG synthesis; ↓inflammatory cytokines; ↑hair follicle growth-factor signaling [pickart-2018]
- Downstream effect: Skin firmness + texture improvement, accelerated wound healing, hair regrowth, anti-inflammatory action [pickart-2018] [zink-2003]

## FAQ
### How does GHK-Cu work?
GHK-Cu acts on Copper-dependent enzymes (lysyl oxidase, SOD); regulator of >4000 human genes, signalling via Cu(II) delivery via GHK chelation → ↑collagen / elastin / GAG synthesis; ↓inflammatory cytokines; ↑hair follicle growth-factor signaling. [pickart-2018] [pickart-2018]

### Is GHK-Cu FDA-approved?
GHK-Cu is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [pickart-2018] Pickart 2018 — Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29986520/)
- [zink-2003] Zink 2003 — GHK and the regulation of skin homeostasis (/refs/zink-2003)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/ghk-cu
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# GHRP-2 (GHRP / Ghrelin Receptor Agonist)
Also known as: Pralmorelin, KP-102, GHRP2
Formula C45H55N9O6 · 818 g/mol · PubChem CID 6918245

## Quick facts
- Class: GHRP / Ghrelin Receptor Agonist
- Half-life: ~30 min [malagon-1999]
- Evidence level: Phase 2 clinical
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) on anterior pituitary [bowers-1990-ghrp2]
- Pathway: GHS-R1a → Gαq → Ca²⁺ → GH vesicle exocytosis [bowers-2002]
- Downstream effect: Strong GH pulse + IGF-1 elevation; appetite increase via ghrelin agonism [bowers-2002]

## FAQ
### What is the half-life of GHRP-2?
The reported half-life of GHRP-2 is ~30 min. [malagon-1999]

### How does GHRP-2 work?
GHRP-2 acts on Ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) on anterior pituitary, signalling via GHS-R1a → Gαq → Ca²⁺ → GH vesicle exocytosis. [bowers-1990-ghrp2] [bowers-2002]

### Is GHRP-2 FDA-approved?
GHRP-2 is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [bowers-1990-ghrp2] Bowers 1990 — Growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide stimulates GH release in normal men and acts synergistically with GH-releasing hormone (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2108187/)
- [bowers-2002] Bowers 2002 — Growth hormone secretagogues: history, mechanism of action, and clinical development (/refs/bowers-2002)
- [malagon-1999] Malagón 1999 — Comparative GHRP-6 vs GHRP-2 GH-axis kinetics (/refs/malagon-1999)
- [sigalos-2018] Sigalos 2018 — The safety and efficacy of growth hormone secretagogues (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28400207/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/ghrp-2
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# GHRP-6 (GHRP / Ghrelin Receptor Agonist)
Also known as: GHRP6, His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys
Formula C46H56N12O6 · 873 g/mol · PubChem CID 4345065

## Quick facts
- Class: GHRP / Ghrelin Receptor Agonist
- Half-life: ~15 min [malagon-1999]
- Evidence level: Phase 1 clinical
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) [bowers-1990-ghrp2]
- Pathway: GHS-R1a → Gαq → Ca²⁺ → GH release; central appetite drive [bowers-2002]
- Downstream effect: GH pulse + strong appetite stimulation; modest IGF-1 elevation [bowers-2002]

## FAQ
### What is the half-life of GHRP-6?
The reported half-life of GHRP-6 is ~15 min. [malagon-1999]

### How does GHRP-6 work?
GHRP-6 acts on Ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a), signalling via GHS-R1a → Gαq → Ca²⁺ → GH release; central appetite drive. [bowers-1990-ghrp2] [bowers-2002]

### Is GHRP-6 FDA-approved?
GHRP-6 is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [bowers-1990-ghrp2] Bowers 1990 — Growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide stimulates GH release in normal men and acts synergistically with GH-releasing hormone (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2108187/)
- [bowers-2002] Bowers 2002 — Growth hormone secretagogues: history, mechanism of action, and clinical development (/refs/bowers-2002)
- [malagon-1999] Malagón 1999 — Comparative GHRP-6 vs GHRP-2 GH-axis kinetics (/refs/malagon-1999)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/ghrp-6
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Glow Blend (Multi-peptide blend)
Also known as: Glow, GHK-Cu + BPC-157 + TB-500 blend

## Quick facts
- Class: Multi-peptide blend
- Evidence level: Theoretical / early
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## FAQ
### Is Glow Blend FDA-approved?
Glow Blend is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/glow-blend
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# GLP-1 (7-37) (Incretin Hormone)
Also known as: Glucagon-like peptide-1, GLP-1(7-37), Native GLP-1
Formula C151H228N40O47 · 3355.7 g/mol · PubChem CID 16133830

## Quick facts
- Class: Incretin Hormone
- Half-life: ~2 min [alavi-2021] [ding-2017]
- Evidence level: Human mechanistic evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: GLP-1 receptor (class B GPCR) [koole-2015]
- Pathway: GLP-1R activation → cAMP production → PKA signaling → insulin secretion (pancreatic β-cells) [lu-2025] [koole-2015]
- Downstream effect: Glucose-dependent insulin release, glucagon suppression, delayed gastric emptying, reduced food intake [lu-2025] [ding-2017]

## FAQ
### What is the half-life of GLP-1 (7-37)?
The reported half-life of GLP-1 (7-37) is ~2 min. [alavi-2021] [ding-2017]

### How does GLP-1 (7-37) work?
GLP-1 (7-37) acts on GLP-1 receptor (class B GPCR), signalling via GLP-1R activation → cAMP production → PKA signaling → insulin secretion (pancreatic β-cells). [koole-2015] [lu-2025] [koole-2015]

### Is GLP-1 (7-37) FDA-approved?
GLP-1 (7-37) is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [alavi-2021] Alavi 2021 — Developing GLP-1 Conjugated Self-Assembling Nanofibers Using Copper-Catalyzed Alkyne-Azide Cycloaddition and Evaluation of Their Biological Activity. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33843208/)
- [cai-2018] Cai 2018 — Novel fatty acid chain modified GLP-1 derivatives with prolonged in vivo glucose-lowering ability and balanced glucoregulatory activity. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29673717/)
- [ding-2017] Ding 2017 — BPI-3016, a novel long-acting hGLP-1 analogue for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28619366/)
- [friedman-2024] Friedman 2024 — The discovery and development of GLP-1 based drugs that have revolutionized the treatment of obesity. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39297680/)
- [koole-2015] Koole 2015 — Differential impact of amino acid substitutions on critical residues of the human glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor involved in peptide activity and small-molecule allostery. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25630467/)
- [lu-2025] Lu 2025 — Effects of tryptophan-selective lipidated glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) peptides on the GLP-1 receptor. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39807656/)
- [pujadas-2016] Pujadas 2016 — The pivotal role of high glucose-induced overexpression of PKCβ in the appearance of glucagon-like peptide-1 resistance in endothelial cells. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26585565/)
- [skurikhin-2017] Skurikhin 2017 — Effects of Pegylated Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Analogue in C57Bl/6 Mice under Optimal Conditions and During Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28948559/)
- [wang-2025] Wang 2025 — Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) conjugates modified with dual fatty acids and a proline-alanine-serine (PAS) polypeptide. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40499315/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/glp-1-7-37
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Glutathione (Endogenous Tripeptide)
Also known as: GSH, γ-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine, L-Glutathione, reduced glutathione
Formula C10H17N3O6S · 307.33 g/mol · PubChem CID 124886

## Quick facts
- Class: Endogenous Tripeptide
- Evidence level: Human mechanistic evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## FAQ
### Is Glutathione FDA-approved?
Glutathione is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [aiana-2026] Aiana 2026 — Metabolic enhancement of glutathione biosynthesis via StGCL overexpression reduces acrylamide formation and improves salinity and osmotic stress resilience in potato tubers. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41967330/)
- [hecht-2026] Hecht 2026 — Catabolism of extracellular glutathione supplies cysteine to support tumours. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41851454/)
- [terrell-2025] Terrell 2025 — Extracellular Matrix Microstructures Directly Regulate Glutathione Bioavailability in Human Hepatocytes. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41215494/)
- [wang-2026] Wang 2026 — Atmospherically relevant PM(2.5) promotes age-related muscle atrophy in an age-dependent manner. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41819194/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/glutathione
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Gonadorelin (GnRH Analogue)
Also known as: GnRH, LHRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
Formula C55H75N17O13 · 1182.3 g/mol · PubChem CID 638793

## Quick facts
- Class: GnRH Analogue
- Evidence level: FDA-approved
- Regulatory status: FDA-approved (US)

## FAQ
### Is Gonadorelin FDA-approved?
Yes — Gonadorelin is approved by the US FDA.

## References cited on this plate
- [morris-2026] Morris 2026 — Robust serotonin activation of the kisspeptin GnRH pulse generator in male and female mice. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41906629/)
- [robin-2026] Robin 2026 — Management of infertility in women with hypothalamic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: an expert opinion. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41715131/)
- [sharma-2026] Sharma 2026 — Delayed Puberty. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31335042/)
- [tadesse-2026] Tadesse 2026 — Clomiphene citrate in the management of anovulation: a review of mechanisms, outcomes, and clinical challenges. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41863134/)
- [wittner-2026] Wittner 2026 — Novel KISS1 Gene Mutation Leading to Male Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41786302/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/gonadorelin
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# HCG (Glycoprotein Hormone)
Also known as: human chorionic gonadotropin, chorionic gonadotrophin, hCG, recombinant hCG, urinary hCG

## Quick facts
- Class: Glycoprotein Hormone
- Evidence level: FDA-approved
- Regulatory status: FDA-approved (US)

## Mechanism
- Primary target: LH receptors on testicular Leydig cells [schrderlange-2025]
- Downstream effect: Elevated intratesticular testosterone, restored spermatogenesis, virilization, secondary sex characteristic development [konsam-2026] [zachariou-2026]

## FAQ
### How does HCG work?
HCG acts on LH receptors on testicular Leydig cells. [schrderlange-2025]

### Is HCG FDA-approved?
Yes — HCG is approved by the US FDA.

## References cited on this plate
- [huijben-2026] Huijben 2026 — Boosting Male Fertility: The Impact of Gonadotropin Therapy on Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41987691/)
- [konsam-2026] Konsam 2026 — Comparing the response of triple therapy and conventional treatment in male congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a randomized controlled trial. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41993983/)
- [nariyoshi-2025] Nariyoshi 2025 — Alterations in the ultrasound appearance of seminiferous tubules after gonadotropin treatment in patients with azoospermia because of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41473567/)
- [schrderlange-2025] Schröder-Lange 2025 — Molecular characterization of the murine Leydig cell lines TM3 and MLTC-1. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41476916/)
- [zachariou-2026] Zachariou 2026 — Fertility Outcomes in Men with Nonobstructive Azoospermia Due to Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism After Gonadotropin Therapy. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41682884/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/hcg
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Hexarelin (GHRP / Ghrelin Receptor Agonist)
Also known as: Hex, Examorelin
Formula C47H58N12O6 · 887 g/mol · PubChem CID 6918297

## Quick facts
- Class: GHRP / Ghrelin Receptor Agonist
- Half-life: ~70 min [semenistaya-2010]
- Evidence level: Phase 1 clinical
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) + cardiac CD36 [smith-1996-hexarelin] [ghigo-1997-hexarelin]
- Pathway: GHS-R1a → Gαq → Ca²⁺ → GH release. CD36 engagement → direct cardio-tropic action [ghigo-1997-hexarelin]
- Downstream effect: Strong GH pulse + IGF-1 elevation; cardio-protective effects in animal MI models [ghigo-1997-hexarelin]

## FAQ
### What is the half-life of Hexarelin?
The reported half-life of Hexarelin is ~70 min. [semenistaya-2010]

### How does Hexarelin work?
Hexarelin acts on Ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) + cardiac CD36, signalling via GHS-R1a → Gαq → Ca²⁺ → GH release. CD36 engagement → direct cardio-tropic action. [smith-1996-hexarelin] [ghigo-1997-hexarelin] [ghigo-1997-hexarelin]

### Is Hexarelin FDA-approved?
Hexarelin is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [ghigo-1997-hexarelin] Ghigo 1997 — Growth hormone-releasing peptides (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9186261/)
- [semenistaya-2010] Semenistaya 2015 — Determination of growth hormone releasing peptides metabolites in human urine after nasal administration of GHRP-1, GHRP-2, GHRP-6, Hexarelin, and Ipamorelin (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25869809/)
- [smith-1996-hexarelin] Smith 1993 — A nonpeptidyl growth hormone secretagogue (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8503009/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/hexarelin
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# HGH 191AA (Recombinant Human Growth Hormone)
Also known as: Somatropin, rhGH, recombinant human growth hormone, 191-amino-acid hGH

## Quick facts
- Class: Recombinant Human Growth Hormone
- Half-life: 2–4 hours [mameli-2023-rhgh]
- Evidence level: FDA-approved
- Regulatory status: FDA-approved (US)

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Growth hormone receptor (GHR) — JAK2/STAT5 pathway [rowlinson-2008-ghr]
- Pathway: GHR activation → JAK2/STAT5 → liver IGF-1 synthesis + direct metabolic effects [rowlinson-2008-ghr]
- Downstream effect: Linear growth, lipolysis, protein synthesis, nitrogen retention, carbohydrate metabolism modulation [leroith-2008]

## FAQ
### What is the half-life of HGH 191AA?
The reported half-life of HGH 191AA is 2–4 hours. [mameli-2023-rhgh]

### How does HGH 191AA work?
HGH 191AA acts on Growth hormone receptor (GHR) — JAK2/STAT5 pathway, signalling via GHR activation → JAK2/STAT5 → liver IGF-1 synthesis + direct metabolic effects. [rowlinson-2008-ghr] [rowlinson-2008-ghr]

### Is HGH 191AA FDA-approved?
Yes — HGH 191AA is approved by the US FDA.

## References cited on this plate
- [goeddel-1979] Goeddel 1979 — Direct expression in Escherichia coli of a DNA sequence coding for human growth hormone. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/386136/)
- [ho-2007-ghd-consensus] Ho 2007 — Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of adults with GH deficiency II: a statement of the GH Research Society in association with the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology, Lawson Wilkins Society, European Society of Endocrinology, Japan Endocrine Society, and Endocrine Society of Australia. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18057375/)
- [leroith-2008] LeRoith 2008 — Clinical relevance of systemic and local IGF-I: lessons from animal models. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18317445/)
- [mameli-2023-rhgh] Mameli 2023 — Efficacy, safety, quality of life, adherence and cost-effectiveness of long-acting growth hormone replacement therapy compared to daily growth hormone in children with growth hormone deficiency: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37236413/)
- [rowlinson-2008-ghr] Rowlinson 2008 — An agonist-induced conformational change in the growth hormone receptor determines the choice of signalling pathway. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18488018/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/hgh-191aa
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# HGH Fragment 176-191 (GH Fragment)
Also known as: AOD9604, AOD-9604, hGH 176-191
Formula C80H127N23O24S2 · 1859.1 g/mol · PubChem CID 172966176

## Quick facts
- Class: GH Fragment
- Evidence level: Strong animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Beta-3 adrenergic receptors on adipocytes [heffernan-2001]
- Pathway: Fragment → β3-AR upregulation → Enhanced lipolytic sensitivity [heffernan-2001]

## FAQ
### How does HGH Fragment 176-191 work?
HGH Fragment 176-191 acts on Beta-3 adrenergic receptors on adipocytes, signalling via Fragment → β3-AR upregulation → Enhanced lipolytic sensitivity. [heffernan-2001] [heffernan-2001]

### Is HGH Fragment 176-191 FDA-approved?
HGH Fragment 176-191 is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [cox-2015] Cox 2015 — Detection and in vitro metabolism of AOD9604. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25208511/)
- [heffernan-2001] Heffernan 2001 — The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11713213/)
- [ng-2000] Ng 2000 — Metabolic studies of a synthetic lipolytic domain (AOD9604) of human growth hormone. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11146367/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/hgh-fragment-176-191
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Humanin (Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide)
Also known as: HN, HNG, Gly[14]-humanin, MTRNR2
Formula C119H204N34O32S2 · 2687.2 g/mol · PubChem CID 16131438

## Quick facts
- Class: Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide
- Evidence level: Strong animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Intracellular: Bax, Bim, tBid (pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family). Extracellular: FPRL1/2 G-protein-coupled receptors [zhu-2022] [lue-2021]
- Downstream effect: Suppression of apoptosis, mitochondrial stabilization, reduced oxidative stress, preservation of germ cells and neurons under stress [zhu-2022] [lue-2021] [velentza-2024]

## FAQ
### How does Humanin work?
Humanin acts on Intracellular: Bax, Bim, tBid (pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family). Extracellular: FPRL1/2 G-protein-coupled receptors. [zhu-2022] [lue-2021]

### Is Humanin FDA-approved?
Humanin is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [el-2022] El 2022 — Humanin Ameliorates Late-onset Hypogonadism in Aged Male Rats. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35086467/)
- [huang-2025] Huang 2025 — Ameliorative effects of Gly[14]-humanin on cyclophosphamide-induced premature ovarian insufficiency and underlying mechanisms. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40639309/)
- [lue-2021] Lue 2021 — The emerging role of mitochondrial derived peptide humanin in the testis. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34534645/)
- [morris-2021] Morris 2021 — Inducible fold-switching as a mechanism to fibrillate pro-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33764501/)
- [shahzaib-2026] Shahzaib 2026 — Humanin as an evolutionarily tuned mitochondrial peptide: Insights from mammalian oxidative stress diversity. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41864362/)
- [velentza-2024] Velentza 2024 — Humanin Treatment Protects Against Venetoclax-Induced Bone Growth Retardation in Ex Vivo Cultured Rat Bones. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38328478/)
- [zhu-2022] Zhu 2022 — The Molecular Structure and Role of Humanin in Neural and Skeletal Diseases, and in Tissue Regeneration. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35372353/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/humanin
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# IGF-1 LR3 (IGF-1 Analogue)
Also known as: Long R3 IGF-1, LR3-IGF-I, Long Arg3 IGF-1

## Quick facts
- Class: IGF-1 Analogue
- Evidence level: Strong animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) [mctavish-2009]
- Pathway: IGF-1R → IRS-1 → PI3K/Akt → Cell proliferation, protein synthesis, anti-apoptosis [muhlbradt-2009]

## FAQ
### How does IGF-1 LR3 work?
IGF-1 LR3 acts on IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), signalling via IGF-1R → IRS-1 → PI3K/Akt → Cell proliferation, protein synthesis, anti-apoptosis. [mctavish-2009] [muhlbradt-2009]

### Is IGF-1 LR3 FDA-approved?
IGF-1 LR3 is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [mctavish-2009] McTavish 2009 — Novel insulin-like growth factor-methotrexate covalent conjugate inhibits tumor growth in vivo at lower dosage than methotrexate alone. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19446281/)
- [muhlbradt-2009] Muhlbradt 2009 — NKX3.1 activates expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 to mediate insulin-like growth factor-I signaling and cell proliferation. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19258508/)
- [price-2004] Price 2004 — Regulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein expression by growth factors and cytokines alters IGF-mediated proliferation of postnatal lung fibroblasts. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15204833/)
- [thomas-2007] Thomas 2007 — Effects of IGF-I bioavailability on bovine preantral follicular development in vitro. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17636166/)
- [von-2011] von 2011 — IGF-1 has plaque-stabilizing effects in atherosclerosis by altering vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21281823/)
- [wetterau-2003] Wetterau 2003 — Insulin-like growth factor I stimulates telomerase activity in prostate cancer cells. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12843187/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/igf-1lr3
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# IGF-DES (IGF-1 Analogue)
Also known as: Des(1-3)IGF-1, Des(1-3)IGF-I, des-IGF-1, truncated IGF-1

## Quick facts
- Class: IGF-1 Analogue
- Evidence level: Strong animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) [shields-2007]

## FAQ
### How does IGF-DES work?
IGF-DES acts on IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R). [shields-2007]

### Is IGF-DES FDA-approved?
IGF-DES is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [bredehft-2008] Bredehöft 2008 — Quantification of human insulin-like growth factor-1 and qualitative detection of its analogues in plasma using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18236437/)
- [crescioli-2002] Crescioli 2002 — Des (1-3) IGF-I-stimulated growth of human stromal BPH cells is inhibited by a vitamin D3 analogue. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12573816/)
- [fruchtman-2002] Fruchtman 2002 — Characterization of pituitary IGF-I receptors: modulation of prolactin and growth hormone. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12121860/)
- [payet-2004] Payet 2004 — The role of the acid-labile subunit in regulating insulin-like growth factor transport across human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15126567/)
- [shields-2007] Shields 2007 — Rho guanosine 5'-triphosphatases differentially regulate insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptor-dependent and -independent actions of IGF-II on human trophoblast migration. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17640993/)
- [yamane-2002] Yamane 2002 — Roles of insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins in the differentiation of mouse tongue myoblasts. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12382947/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/igf-des
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Ipamorelin (GHRP / Ghrelin Receptor Agonist)
Also known as: NNC 26-0161
Formula C38H49N9O5 · 711.9 g/mol · PubChem CID 9831659

## Quick facts
- Class: GHRP / Ghrelin Receptor Agonist
- Evidence level: Phase 1 clinical
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) on anterior pituitary [raun-1998]
- Downstream effect: GH pulse amplification, IGF-1 elevation, recovery and lipolytic effects [bowers-2002]

## FAQ
### How does Ipamorelin work?
Ipamorelin acts on Ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) on anterior pituitary. [raun-1998]

### Is Ipamorelin FDA-approved?
Ipamorelin is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [bowers-2002] Bowers 2002 — Growth hormone secretagogues: history, mechanism of action, and clinical development (/refs/bowers-2002)
- [raun-1998] Raun 1998 — Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9849822/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/ipamorelin
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Kisspeptin-10 (Neuropeptide)
Also known as: KP-10, metastin 45-54, KISS1 C-terminal fragment
Formula C63H83N17O14 · 1302.4 g/mol · PubChem CID 25240297

## Quick facts
- Class: Neuropeptide
- Evidence level: Phase 2 clinical
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: GPR54/Kiss1R on hypothalamic GnRH neurons [rnnekleiv-2026] [colladosole-2026]
- Pathway: Kisspeptin → GPR54 activation → GnRH neuronal depolarization → Pulsatile GnRH release → Pituitary LH/FSH secretion [lages-2026] [rnnekleiv-2026]
- Downstream effect: Pulsatile LH surge, FSH elevation, gonadal steroidogenesis, gametogenesis initiation [lages-2026]

## FAQ
### How does Kisspeptin-10 work?
Kisspeptin-10 acts on GPR54/Kiss1R on hypothalamic GnRH neurons, signalling via Kisspeptin → GPR54 activation → GnRH neuronal depolarization → Pulsatile GnRH release → Pituitary LH/FSH secretion. [rnnekleiv-2026] [colladosole-2026] [lages-2026] [rnnekleiv-2026]

### Is Kisspeptin-10 FDA-approved?
Kisspeptin-10 is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [akhtar-2025] Akhtar 2025 — Molecular pathways affecting reproductive efficiency in seasonal breeders: prospects and implications for improving fertility in donkeys. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41169682/)
- [colladosole-2026] Collado-Sole 2026 — Microglia Rank signaling regulates GnRH neuronal function and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41818388/)
- [lages-2026] Lages 2026 — GH and GnRH-gonadotropin secretion. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41912296/)
- [rnnekleiv-2026] Rønnekleiv 2026 — The role of hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons in coordinating reproduction and metabolism. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41407546/)
- [silva-2026] Silva 2026 — KNDy neurons as an indirect target of insulin-like growth factor-1. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41423875/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/kisspeptin-10
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# KLOW Blend (Multi-peptide blend)
Also known as: Klow, KLOW, GHK-Cu + BPC-157 + TB-500 + KPV blend

## Quick facts
- Class: Multi-peptide blend
- Evidence level: Theoretical / early
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## FAQ
### Is KLOW Blend FDA-approved?
KLOW Blend is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/klow-blend
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# KPV (Tripeptide)
Also known as: Lys-Pro-Val, alpha-MSH 11-13
Formula C16H30N4O4 · 342.43 g/mol · PubChem CID 125672

## Quick facts
- Class: Tripeptide
- Evidence level: Strong animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Intracellular targets bypassing melanocortin receptors (proposed) [dalle-pang-2024]
- Pathway: NF-κB inhibition + cytokine modulation (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) → reduced inflammation [dalle-pang-2024]
- Downstream effect: Anti-inflammatory action without α-MSH pigmentation effects; gut barrier protection [dalle-pang-2024]

## FAQ
### How does KPV work?
KPV acts on Intracellular targets bypassing melanocortin receptors (proposed), signalling via NF-κB inhibition + cytokine modulation (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) → reduced inflammation. [dalle-pang-2024] [dalle-pang-2024]

### Is KPV FDA-approved?
KPV is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [dalle-pang-2024] Dalle-Pang 2024 — KPV peptide as an anti-inflammatory and gut-barrier protective agent (/refs/dalle-pang-2024)
- [sikiric-2018] Sikiric 2018 — Novel Cytoprotective Mediator, Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157. Vascular Recruitment and Gastrointestinal Tract Healing (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29879879/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/kpv
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Liraglutide (GLP-1 Receptor Agonist)
Also known as: Saxenda, Victoza
Formula C172H265N43O51 · 3751 g/mol · PubChem CID 16134956

## Quick facts
- Class: GLP-1 Receptor Agonist
- Half-life: ~13 hr [fda-saxenda-label-2014]
- Evidence level: FDA-approved
- Regulatory status: FDA-approved (US)

## Mechanism
- Primary target: GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) [fda-saxenda-label-2014]
- Pathway: GLP-1R agonism → ↑glucose-dependent insulin, ↓glucagon, ↓gastric emptying, ↓appetite [fda-saxenda-label-2014] [wegovy-pioglitazone-2010]
- Downstream effect: Glycemic improvement, modest body-weight reduction, cardiovascular event reduction in high-risk T2D [wegovy-pioglitazone-2010]

## FAQ
### What is the half-life of Liraglutide?
The reported half-life of Liraglutide is ~13 hr. [fda-saxenda-label-2014]

### How does Liraglutide work?
Liraglutide acts on GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R), signalling via GLP-1R agonism → ↑glucose-dependent insulin, ↓glucagon, ↓gastric emptying, ↓appetite. [fda-saxenda-label-2014] [fda-saxenda-label-2014] [wegovy-pioglitazone-2010]

### Is Liraglutide FDA-approved?
Yes — Liraglutide is approved by the US FDA.

## References cited on this plate
- [fda-saxenda-label-2014] SAXENDA (liraglutide) injectio 2014 — SAXENDA (liraglutide) injection prescribing information (https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/206321Orig1s000lbl.pdf)
- [wegovy-pioglitazone-2010] Marso 2016 — Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27295427/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/liraglutide
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Livagen (Khavinson Bioregulator)
Also known as: KEDA, Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala

## Quick facts
- Class: Khavinson Bioregulator
- Evidence level: Strong animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Hepatocyte protein synthesis machinery [brodski-2001]
- Pathway: Tissue-specific bioregulator → Hepatocyte stimulation → Protein synthesis normalization [brodski-2001] [khavinson-2001]

## FAQ
### How does Livagen work?
Livagen acts on Hepatocyte protein synthesis machinery, signalling via Tissue-specific bioregulator → Hepatocyte stimulation → Protein synthesis normalization. [brodski-2001] [brodski-2001] [khavinson-2001]

### Is Livagen FDA-approved?
Livagen is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [brodski-2001] Brodskiĭ 2001 — [Rhythm of protein synthesis in cultures of hepatocytes from rats of different ages. Norm and effect of the peptide livagen]. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15926314/)
- [khavinson-2001] Khavinson 2001 — Tissue-specific effects of peptides. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11713572/)
- [khavinson-2002] Khavinson 2002 — Effects of short peptides on thymocyte blast transformation and signal transduction along the sphingomyelin pathway. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12420072/)
- [kuznik-2020] Kuznik 2020 — [The influence of polypeptide liver complex and tetrapeptide KEDA on organism physiological function in norm and age-related pathology.]. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32362099/)
- [timofeeva-2005] Timofeeva 2005 — [Effect of peptide Livagen on activity of digestive enzymes in gastrointestinal tract and non-digestive organs in rats of different ages]. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16075683/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/livagen
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# LL-37 (Antimicrobial Peptide)
Also known as: hCAP-18, FALL-39, cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, CAMP
Formula C205H340N60O53 · 4493 g/mol · PubChem CID 16198951

## Quick facts
- Class: Antimicrobial Peptide
- Evidence level: Human mechanistic evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Bacterial membranes · Phosphatidylserine-exposed cells [he-2026] [lu-2026]
- Downstream effect: Membrane permeabilization, cytokine induction, autophagy, phagosome-lysosome fusion, chemotaxis [ahmad-2026] [zhang-2026]

## FAQ
### How does LL-37 work?
LL-37 acts on Bacterial membranes · Phosphatidylserine-exposed cells. [he-2026] [lu-2026]

### Is LL-37 FDA-approved?
LL-37 is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [ahmad-2026] Ahmad 2026 — Targeting Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis with Antimicrobial Peptides: Opportunities and Challenges. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42003198/)
- [he-2026] He 2026 — LL-37 selectively targets Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes and exhibits antimalarial activity. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41843625/)
- [lu-2026] Lu 2026 — Design and Screening of the Peptide SAMP-12aa Derived from LL-37, Which Exhibits Anti-H. Pylori Activity and Immunomodulatory Effects. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41900101/)
- [pinheiro-2026] Pinheiro 2026 — Antimicrobial Peptides and Systemic Inflammation: A Network Analysis. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42011032/)
- [tanabe-2026] Tanabe 2026 — LL-37 and bacterial DNA complexes in dental plaque: Implications for biofilm structure, innate immunity, and periodontal pathogenesis. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41862276/)
- [zhang-2026] Zhang 2026 — [Mechanisms underlying the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities of porcine antimicrobial peptides]. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42009525/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/ll-37
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Matrixyl (Cosmeceutical Pentapeptide)
Also known as: Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4, Pal-KTTKS, Pentapeptide-4
Formula C39H75N7O10 · 802.1 g/mol · PubChem CID 9897237

## Quick facts
- Class: Cosmeceutical Pentapeptide
- Evidence level: Mechanistic animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Dermal fibroblasts [paccola-2025]
- Downstream effect: Enhanced extracellular matrix synthesis, improved dermal density, collagen remodeling [paccola-2025]

## FAQ
### How does Matrixyl work?
Matrixyl acts on Dermal fibroblasts. [paccola-2025]

### Is Matrixyl FDA-approved?
Matrixyl is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [gomes-2022] Gomes 2022 — Boosting Cosmeceutical Peptides: Coupling Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids to Pentapeptide-4 Originates New Leads with Antimicrobial and Collagenesis-Inducing Activities. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35950860/)
- [paccola-2025] Paccola 2025 — Synergistic Effects of Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin and Bioactive Peptides on Dermal Fibroblast Viability and Extracellular Matrix Gene Expression: An In Vitro Study. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40871567/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/matrixyl
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Mazdutide (GLP-1/Glucagon Dual Agonist)
Also known as: IBI362, LY3305677, oxyntomodulin analog
Formula C207H317N45O65 · 4476 g/mol · PubChem CID 167312357

## Quick facts
- Class: GLP-1/Glucagon Dual Agonist
- Evidence level: Phase 3 clinical
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: GLP-1 receptor and glucagon receptor [abdul-2026] [elmendorf-2026]
- Pathway: Dual agonism: GLP-1R → satiety, insulin secretion, gastric emptying delay; GCGR → hepatic lipolysis, energy expenditure, thermogenesis [elmendorf-2026] [abulehia-2026]

## FAQ
### How does Mazdutide work?
Mazdutide acts on GLP-1 receptor and glucagon receptor, signalling via Dual agonism: GLP-1R → satiety, insulin secretion, gastric emptying delay; GCGR → hepatic lipolysis, energy expenditure, thermogenesis. [abdul-2026] [elmendorf-2026] [elmendorf-2026] [abulehia-2026]

### Is Mazdutide FDA-approved?
Mazdutide is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [abdul-2026] Abdul 2026 — Patent landscape and therapeutic evolution of mazdutide: a dual GLP-1/Glucagon receptor agonist for obesity and type 2 diabetes. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41820018/)
- [abulehia-2026] Abulehia 2026 — Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Glucagon Receptor Agonists on Metabolic Outcomes: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41787737/)
- [azam-2026] Azam 2026 — Efficacy and Safety of Mazdutide in Managing Overweight and Obesity Among Non-Diabetic Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41804840/)
- [elmendorf-2026] Elmendorf 2026 — IUPHAR review: From foe to friend: Repurposing glucagon to treat obesity and type 2 diabetes. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41478576/)
- [ji-2026] Ji 2026 — Mazdutide 9 mg in Chinese adults with a body mass index ≥30 kg/m(2) but without diabetes: A phase 2 randomized controlled trial. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41875890/)
- [luo-2026] Luo 2026 — Mazdutide versus Semaglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity: Rationale, design and baseline data of DREAMS-3 phase 3 trial. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41260459/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/mazdutide
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Melanotan-II (α-MSH Analog)
Also known as: MT-II, MT2, Melanotan 2
Formula C50H69N15O9 · 1024.2 g/mol · PubChem CID 92432

## Quick facts
- Class: α-MSH Analog
- Evidence level: Phase 1 clinical
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## FAQ
### Is Melanotan-II FDA-approved?
Melanotan-II is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [dorr-1996-mt2] Dorr 1996 — Evaluation of melanotan-II, a superpotent cyclic melanotropic peptide in a pilot phase-I clinical study (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8637402/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/melanotan-2
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# MGF (IGF-1 Splice Variant)
Also known as: Mechano Growth Factor, IGF-1Ec, MGF peptide, E-domain peptide

## Quick facts
- Class: IGF-1 Splice Variant
- Evidence level: Strong animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Satellite cells (Pax7+) in skeletal muscle [moore-2018]

## FAQ
### How does MGF work?
MGF acts on Satellite cells (Pax7+) in skeletal muscle. [moore-2018]

### Is MGF FDA-approved?
MGF is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [armakolas-2016] Armakolas 2016 — The role of the IGF-1 Ec in myoskeletal system and osteosarcoma pathophysiology. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27931832/)
- [moore-2018] Moore 2018 — Blunted satellite cell response is associated with dysregulated IGF-1 expression after exercise with age. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30062517/)
- [papageorgiou-2016] Papageorgiou 2016 — The human Ec peptide: the active core of a progression growth factor with species-specific mode of action. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27838607/)
- [pea-2015] Peña 2015 — Localized delivery of mechano-growth factor E-domain peptide via polymeric microstructures improves cardiac function following myocardial infarction. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25678113/)
- [shioura-2014] Shioura 2014 — Administration of a Synthetic Peptide Derived from the E-domain Region of Mechano-Growth Factor Delays Decompensation Following Myocardial Infarction. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25606570/)
- [taghibeikzadehbadr-2020] Taghibeikzadehbadr 2020 — Effect of different muscle contraction mode on the expression of Myostatin, IGF-1, and PGC-1 alpha family members in human Vastus Lateralis muscle. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33222041/)
- [thevis-2014] Thevis 2014 — Mass spectrometric characterization of a biotechnologically produced full-length mechano growth factor (MGF) relevant for doping controls. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25466910/)
- [vassilakos-2017] Vassilakos 2017 — Identification of the IGF-1 processing product human Ec/rodent Eb peptide in various tissues: Evidence for its differential regulation after exercise-induced muscle damage in humans. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27836414/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/mgf
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# MK-677 (Ghrelin Receptor Agonist)
Also known as: Ibutamoren, MK-0677, Ibutamoren Mesylate, L-163191
Formula C27H36N4O5S · 528.7 g/mol · PubChem CID 178024

## Quick facts
- Class: Ghrelin Receptor Agonist
- Evidence level: Phase 2 clinical
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Ghrelin receptor (GHSR-1a) [liu-2021-ghsr]
- Pathway: Ghrelin-mimetic agonism of GHSR-1a on pituitary somatotrophs → pulsatile GH release → hepatic IGF-1 production [liu-2021-ghsr] [svensson-2003-mk677]
- Downstream effect: Sustained IGF-1 elevation, increased fat-free mass, increased appetite; GH secretory pattern stays pulsatile [nass-2008-mk677] [murphy-1998-mk677]

## FAQ
### How does MK-677 work?
MK-677 acts on Ghrelin receptor (GHSR-1a), signalling via Ghrelin-mimetic agonism of GHSR-1a on pituitary somatotrophs → pulsatile GH release → hepatic IGF-1 production. [liu-2021-ghsr] [liu-2021-ghsr] [svensson-2003-mk677]

### Is MK-677 FDA-approved?
MK-677 is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [adunsky-2011-mk677] Adunsky 2011 — MK-0677 (ibutamoren mesylate) for the treatment of patients recovering from hip fracture: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled phase IIb study (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21067829/)
- [cobani-2025-mk677] Cobani 2025 — Hepatotoxicity induced by MK-677 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40675653/)
- [liu-2021-ghsr] Liu 2021 — Structural basis of human ghrelin receptor signaling by ghrelin and the synthetic agonist ibutamoren (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34737341/)
- [murphy-1998-mk677] Murphy 1998 — MK-677, an orally active growth hormone secretagogue, reverses diet-induced catabolism (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9467534/)
- [nass-2008-mk677] Nass 2008 — Effects of an oral ghrelin mimetic on body composition and clinical outcomes in healthy older adults (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18981485/)
- [philip-2022-ibutamoren] Philip 2022 — Characterization of growth hormone secretagogue small molecule ibutamoren (MK-0677) and its possible metabolites in thoroughbred horses for doping control (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35716382/)
- [sevigny-2008-mk677] Sevigny 2008 — Growth hormone secretagogue MK-677: no clinical effect on AD progression in a randomized trial (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19015485/)
- [sigalos-2018-ghs] Sigalos 2018 — The Safety and Efficacy of Growth Hormone Secretagogues (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28400207/)
- [svensson-2003-mk677] Svensson 2003 — The effect of treatment with the oral growth hormone (GH) secretagogue MK-677 on GH isoforms (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12550076/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/mk-677
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# MOTS-c (Mitochondrial-derived peptide)
Also known as: mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c, MOTSc
Formula C101H152N28O22S2 · 2174.6 g/mol · PubChem CID 146675088

## Quick facts
- Class: Mitochondrial-derived peptide
- Evidence level: Strong animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Mitochondrial 12S rRNA sORF → folate-AICAR-AMPK axis [lee-2015]
- Pathway: Folate cycle inhibition → ↑AICAR → AMPK phosphorylation → PGC-1α upregulation [lee-2015] [kim-2018]
- Downstream effect: Enhanced fatty acid oxidation, GLUT4-mediated glucose uptake, mitochondrial bioenergetics, anti-inflammation [lee-2015]

## FAQ
### How does MOTS-c work?
MOTS-c acts on Mitochondrial 12S rRNA sORF → folate-AICAR-AMPK axis, signalling via Folate cycle inhibition → ↑AICAR → AMPK phosphorylation → PGC-1α upregulation. [lee-2015] [lee-2015] [kim-2018]

### Is MOTS-c FDA-approved?
MOTS-c is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [cb4211-phase1-2021] A first-in-human phase 1 study 2021 — A first-in-human phase 1 study of CB4211 (a MOTS-c analog) in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes (https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04004273)
- [kim-2018] Kim 2018 — The mitochondrial-encoded peptide MOTS-c translocates to the nucleus to regulate nuclear gene expression in response to metabolic stress (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29983246/)
- [lee-2015] Lee 2015 — The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25738459/)
- [reynolds-2021] Reynolds 2021 — MOTS-c is an exercise-induced mitochondrial-encoded regulator of age-dependent physical decline and muscle homeostasis (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33473109/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/mots-c
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# MT-1 (α-MSH Analogue)
Also known as: Afamelanotide, Melanotan-1, Scenesse, CUV1647
Formula C78H111N21O19 · 1646.8 g/mol · PubChem CID 16197727

## Quick facts
- Class: α-MSH Analogue
- Evidence level: FDA-approved
- Regulatory status: FDA-approved (US)

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) on melanocytes [langan-2010]
- Downstream effect: Increased melanogenesis, photoprotection, reduced UV sensitivity [langan-2010]

## FAQ
### How does MT-1 work?
MT-1 acts on Melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) on melanocytes. [langan-2010]

### Is MT-1 FDA-approved?
Yes — MT-1 is approved by the US FDA.

## References cited on this plate
- [chawathe-2026] Chawathe 2026 — Investigation of the stability profile of therapeutic α-MSH analogue: Insights from liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry analysis of afamelanotide. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41547183/)
- [habbema-2017] Habbema 2017 — Risks of unregulated use of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogues: a review. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28266027/)
- [langan-2010] Langan 2010 — Melanotropic peptides: more than just 'Barbie drugs' and 'sun-tan jabs'? (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20545686/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/mt-1
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# N-Acetyl Epitalon Amidate (Bioregulator Tetrapeptide)
Also known as: Epitalon, Epithalon, Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, AEDG

## Quick facts
- Class: Bioregulator Tetrapeptide
- Evidence level: Strong animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## FAQ
### Is N-Acetyl Epitalon Amidate FDA-approved?
N-Acetyl Epitalon Amidate is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [khavinson-2003] Khavinson 2003 — Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12937682/)
- [khavinson-2004] Khavinson 2004 — Peptide promotes overcoming of the division limit in human somatic cell. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15455129/)
- [khavinson-2005] Khavinson 2005 — DNA double-helix binds regulatory peptides similarly to transcription factors. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15990728/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/n-acetyl-epitalon-amidate
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Ovagen (Khavinson Bioregulator)
Also known as: ovarian peptide bioregulator

## Quick facts
- Class: Khavinson Bioregulator
- Evidence level: Theoretical / early
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## FAQ
### Is Ovagen FDA-approved?
Ovagen is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [chalisova-2000] Chalisova 2000 — [Effect of cytomedins on development of organotypic culture of various tissues from the internal organs of rats]. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11213728/)
- [ilina-2024] Ilina 2024 — [Prospects for use of short peptides in pharmacotherapeutic correction of Alzheimer's disease.]. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38944767/)
- [khavinson-2001] Khavinson 2001 — Tissue-specific effects of peptides. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11713572/)
- [khavinson-2002] Khavinson 2002 — Effects of short peptides on thymocyte blast transformation and signal transduction along the sphingomyelin pathway. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12420072/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/ovagen
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Oxytocin (Neuropeptide Hormone)
Also known as: Pitocin, OXT, OT
Formula C43H66N12O12S2 · 1007.2 g/mol · PubChem CID 439302

## Quick facts
- Class: Neuropeptide Hormone
- Evidence level: FDA-approved
- Regulatory status: FDA-approved (US)

## FAQ
### Is Oxytocin FDA-approved?
Yes — Oxytocin is approved by the US FDA.

## References cited on this plate
- [burmester-2025] Burmester 2025 — Oxytocin Amplifies Negative Response to Ambiguity in Adolescent Females With and Without Eating Disorders. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39887557/)
- [chaulagain-2025] Chaulagain 2025 — The neurobiological impact of oxytocin in mental health disorders: a comprehensive review. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40213210/)
- [paul-2026] Paul 2026 — Oxytocin beyond social bonding: Advancing neuromodulation, synaptic plasticity, and epigenetic precision in CNS disorders. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41759439/)
- [prinsen-2026] Prinsen 2026 — Impact of chronic oxytocin on gaze and pupil dynamics during live dyadic interactions in children with autism. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41547341/)
- [tarumi-2026] Tarumi 2026 — Physiological mechanisms of social odor perception and their implications for Autism Spectrum Disorders. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41389397/)
- [ylmazer-2025] Yılmazer 2025 — Salivary Oxytocin Levels in Children With and Without Autism: Group Similarities and Subgroup Variability. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41095840/)
- [yuan-2026] Yuan 2026 — The effects of oxytocin on social behavior and eye gaze: Insights from dog-human partnership. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41690434/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/oxytocin
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# P21 (CNTF-Derived Neuropeptide)
Also known as: P21 (Adamantane), CNTF peptide mimetic

## Quick facts
- Class: CNTF-Derived Neuropeptide
- Evidence level: Mechanistic animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## FAQ
### Is P21 FDA-approved?
P21 is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [cox-2026] Cox 2026 — FAK inhibition following acute olfactory epithelial inflammation promotes neurogenesis and functional recovery through stem cell CNTF. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41795839/)
- [guo-2022] Guo 2022 — The Roles of Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor - from Neuronutrition to Energy Metabolism. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36065930/)
- [jia-2020] Jia 2020 — Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase increases adult olfactory stem cell self-renewal and neuroregeneration through ciliary neurotrophic factor. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33130470/)
- [mottolese-2024] Mottolese 2024 — Effects of a ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) small-molecule peptide mimetic in an in vitro and in vivo model of CDKL5 deficiency disorder. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39592934/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/p21
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Pancragen (Bioregulatory Tetrapeptide)
Also known as: Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp, KEDW, H-Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp-NH2

## Quick facts
- Class: Bioregulatory Tetrapeptide
- Evidence level: Strong animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Pancreatic acinar and islet cell differentiation pathways [khavinson-2013]
- Pathway: Transcription factor activation → Pdx1/Pax6/Pax4/Ptf1a/Foxa2/NKx2.2 upregulation → Cell differentiation [khavinson-2013]
- Downstream effect: Enhanced pancreatic beta-cell function, normalized insulin/C-peptide dynamics, improved glucose clearance [goncharova-2014]

## FAQ
### How does Pancragen work?
Pancragen acts on Pancreatic acinar and islet cell differentiation pathways, signalling via Transcription factor activation → Pdx1/Pax6/Pax4/Ptf1a/Foxa2/NKx2.2 upregulation → Cell differentiation. [khavinson-2013] [khavinson-2013]

### Is Pancragen FDA-approved?
Pancragen is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [goncharova-2014] Goncharova 2014 — [Impact of tetrapeptide pancragen on endocrine function of the pancreas in old monkeys]. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25946840/)
- [goncharova-2015] Goncharova 2015 — [Correction of impaired glucose tolerance using tetrapeptide (Pancragen) in old female rhesus monkeys]. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28509500/)
- [khavinson-2012] Khavinson 2012 — [Tetrapeptide stimulates functional activity of the pancreatic cells in aging]. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23734516/)
- [khavinson-2013] Khavinson 2013 — Effects of pancragen on the differentiation of pancreatic cells during their ageing. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23486591/)
- [zakutski-2006] Zakutskiĭ 2006 — [The tissue-specific effect of synthetic peptides-biologic regulators in organotypic tissues culture in young and old rats]. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17152728/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/pancragen
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# PE 22-28 (TREK-1 Antagonist)
Also known as: mini-spadin, shortened spadin, spadin fragment
Formula C35H55N11O9 · 773.9 g/mol · PubChem CID 165437303

## Quick facts
- Class: TREK-1 Antagonist
- Evidence level: Strong animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: TREK-1 two-pore-domain potassium channel [djillani-2017] [ma-2020]
- Downstream effect: Antidepressant-like activity in forced swim test and tail suspension test; reduced A1-like reactive astrocyte activation; neuroprotection via NF-κB pathway modulation [djillani-2017] [cong-2023] [wu-2021]

## FAQ
### How does PE 22-28 work?
PE 22-28 acts on TREK-1 two-pore-domain potassium channel. [djillani-2017] [ma-2020]

### Is PE 22-28 FDA-approved?
PE 22-28 is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [cong-2023] Cong 2023 — Blocking Two-Pore Domain Potassium Channel TREK-1 Inhibits the Activation of A1-Like Reactive Astrocyte Through the NF-κB Signaling Pathway in a Rat Model of Major Depressive Disorder. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36670238/)
- [djillani-2017] Djillani 2017 — Shortened Spadin Analogs Display Better TREK-1 Inhibition, In Vivo Stability and Antidepressant Activity. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28955242/)
- [ma-2020] Ma 2020 — Spadin Selectively Antagonizes Arachidonic Acid Activation of TREK-1 Channels. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32317978/)
- [mazella-2018] Mazella 2018 — The Involvement of Sortilin/NTSR3 in Depression as the Progenitor of Spadin and Its Role in the Membrane Expression of TREK-1. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30670975/)
- [nasr-2018] Nasr 2018 — Identification and characterization of two zebrafish Twik related potassium channels, Kcnk2a and Kcnk2b. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30333618/)
- [pietri-2019] Pietri 2019 — First evidence of protective effects on stroke recovery and post-stroke depression induced by sortilin-derived peptides. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31325429/)
- [qi-2018] Qi 2018 — Comparison of Therapeutic Effects of TREK1 Blockers and Fluoxetine on Chronic Unpredicted Mild Stress Sensitive Rats. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29952548/)
- [wu-2021] Wu 2021 — Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of two-pore domain potassium channel TREK-1 alters depression-related behaviors and neuronal plasticity in the hippocampus in mice. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32864894/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/pe-22-28
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# PEG-MGF (IGF-1 Splice Variant)
Also known as: Pegylated Mechano Growth Factor, PEG-Mechano Growth Factor, IGF-1Ec-PEG

## Quick facts
- Class: IGF-1 Splice Variant
- Evidence level: Mechanistic animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## FAQ
### Is PEG-MGF FDA-approved?
PEG-MGF is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [braun-2018] Braun 2018 — Bioresponsive release of insulin-like growth factor-I from its PEGylated conjugate. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29634992/)
- [ren-2015] Ren 2015 — The insulin-like growth factor I system: physiological and pathophysiological implication in cardiovascular diseases associated with metabolic syndrome. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25541285/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/peg-mgf
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Pinealon (Tetrapeptide bioregulator)
Also known as: Glu-Asp-Arg, EDR
Formula C15H26N6O8 · 418.4 g/mol · PubChem CID 10273502

## Quick facts
- Class: Tetrapeptide bioregulator
- Evidence level: Human mechanistic evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Antioxidant defense + neuronal gene expression (proposed) [khavinson-2014-pinealon]
- Pathway: Modulation of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase) + neurotrophic factor expression [khavinson-2014-pinealon]
- Downstream effect: Reduced oxidative stress in neurons; improved cognitive function in age-related decline [khavinson-2014-pinealon]

## FAQ
### How does Pinealon work?
Pinealon acts on Antioxidant defense + neuronal gene expression (proposed), signalling via Modulation of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase) + neurotrophic factor expression. [khavinson-2014-pinealon] [khavinson-2014-pinealon]

### Is Pinealon FDA-approved?
Pinealon is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [khavinson-2014-pinealon] Khavinson 2014 — Tetrapeptide pinealon: neuroprotective and antioxidant effects (/refs/khavinson-2014-pinealon)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/pinealon
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# PNC-27 (Anticancer Peptide)
Also known as: p53-penetratin chimeric peptide, PNC-28
Formula C188H293N53O44S · 4032 g/mol · PubChem CID 16201774

## Quick facts
- Class: Anticancer Peptide
- Evidence level: Strong animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Membrane-bound HDM-2 protein on cancer cell surface [sarafrazyazdi-2022] [krzesaj-2024]
- Pathway: PNC-27 binds to membrane HDM-2 1-109 domain → transmembrane pore formation → rapid necrosis (poptosis) [pincus-2024] [krzesaj-2024]
- Downstream effect: Immediate cell lysis and extrusion of intracellular contents; secondary mitochondrial membrane disruption [pincus-2024] [krzesaj-2024]

## FAQ
### How does PNC-27 work?
PNC-27 acts on Membrane-bound HDM-2 protein on cancer cell surface, signalling via PNC-27 binds to membrane HDM-2 1-109 domain → transmembrane pore formation → rapid necrosis (poptosis). [sarafrazyazdi-2022] [krzesaj-2024] [pincus-2024] [krzesaj-2024]

### Is PNC-27 FDA-approved?
PNC-27 is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [krzesaj-2024] Krzesaj 2024 — Anti-Cancer Peptide PNC-27 Kills Cancer Cells by Unique Interactions with Plasma Membrane-Bound hdm-2 and with Mitochondrial Membranes Causing Mitochondrial Disruption. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38802154/)
- [pincus-2024] Pincus 2024 — Poptosis or Peptide-Induced Transmembrane Pore Formation: A Novel Way to Kill Cancer Cells without Affecting Normal Cells. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38927351/)
- [sarafrazyazdi-2010] Sarafraz-Yazdi 2010 — Anticancer peptide PNC-27 adopts an HDM-2-binding conformation and kills cancer cells by binding to HDM-2 in their membranes. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20080680/)
- [sarafrazyazdi-2022] Sarafraz-Yazdi 2022 — PNC-27, a Chimeric p53-Penetratin Peptide Binds to HDM-2 in a p53 Peptide-like Structure, Induces Selective Membrane-Pore Formation and Leads to Cancer Cell Lysis. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35625682/)
- [sookraj-2010] Sookraj 2010 — The anti-cancer peptide, PNC-27, induces tumor cell lysis as the intact peptide. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20182728/)
- [thadi-2020] Thadi 2020 — Targeting Membrane HDM-2 by PNC-27 Induces Necrosis in Leukemia Cells But Not in Normal Hematopoietic Cells. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32878773/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/pnc-27
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Prostamax (Khavinson Bioregulator)
Also known as: Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro, KEDP
Formula C20H33N5O9 · 487.5 g/mol · PubChem CID 9848296

## Quick facts
- Class: Khavinson Bioregulator
- Evidence level: Mechanistic animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## FAQ
### Is Prostamax FDA-approved?
Prostamax is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [dzhokhadze-2012] Dzhokhadze 2012 — [Deheterochromatinization of the chromatin in old age induced by oligopeptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro)]. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23221144/)
- [khavinson-2017] Khavinson 2017 — Peptides (Epigenetic Regulators) in the Structure of Rodents with a Long and Short Lifespan. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28948547/)
- [kiladze-2009] Kiladze 2009 — Microcalorimetric study of human blood lymphocytes culture at presence of copper, cadmium and prostamax. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19359734/)
- [zakutski-2006] Zakutskiĭ 2006 — [The tissue-specific effect of synthetic peptides-biologic regulators in organotypic tissues culture in young and old rats]. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17152728/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/prostamax
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# PT-141 (Melanocortin-4 Receptor Agonist)
Also known as: Bremelanotide, Vyleesi, PT 141
Formula C50H68N14O10 · 1025.2 g/mol · PubChem CID 9941379

## Quick facts
- Class: Melanocortin-4 Receptor Agonist
- Half-life: ~2.7 hr [fda-vyleesi-label-2019]
- Evidence level: FDA-approved
- Regulatory status: FDA-approved (US)

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) in hypothalamus [simerly-2023] [fda-vyleesi-label-2019]
- Pathway: MC4R agonism in paraventricular nucleus → autonomic + neuroendocrine sexual arousal pathways [simerly-2023]
- Downstream effect: Increased sexual desire and arousal; central rather than peripheral mechanism [clayton-2015]

## FAQ
### What is the half-life of PT-141?
The reported half-life of PT-141 is ~2.7 hr. [fda-vyleesi-label-2019]

### How does PT-141 work?
PT-141 acts on Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) in hypothalamus, signalling via MC4R agonism in paraventricular nucleus → autonomic + neuroendocrine sexual arousal pathways. [simerly-2023] [fda-vyleesi-label-2019] [simerly-2023]

### Is PT-141 FDA-approved?
Yes — PT-141 is approved by the US FDA.

## References cited on this plate
- [clayton-2015] Clayton 2016 — Bremelanotide for female sexual dysfunctions in premenopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled dose-finding trial (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27181790/)
- [fda-vyleesi-label-2019] VYLEESI (bremelanotide injecti 2019 — VYLEESI (bremelanotide injection) prescribing information (https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/210557s000lbl.pdf)
- [simerly-2023] Simerly 2023 — Bremelanotide (PT-141): clinical pharmacology + safety review (/refs/simerly-2023)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/pt-141
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# PTD-DBM (Fusion Peptide)
Also known as: Protein Transduction Domain-Dishevelled Binding Motif, PTD-fused Dvl-binding motif
Formula C124H225N61O28S2 · 3082.6 g/mol · PubChem CID 176453931

## Quick facts
- Class: Fusion Peptide
- Evidence level: Strong animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## FAQ
### Is PTD-DBM FDA-approved?
PTD-DBM is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [lee-2015] Lee 2015 — The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25738459/)
- [lee-2023] Lee 2023 — Adhesive Hydrogel Patch-Mediated Combination Drug Therapy Induces Regenerative Wound Healing through Reconstruction of Regenerative Microenvironment. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36854308/)
- [ryu-2023] Ryu 2023 — CXXC5 Mediates DHT-Induced Androgenetic Alopecia via PGD(2). (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36831222/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/ptd-dbm
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Retatrutide (GLP-1 / GIP / Glucagon Triple Agonist)
Also known as: LY3437943

## Quick facts
- Class: GLP-1 / GIP / Glucagon Triple Agonist
- Evidence level: Phase 2 clinical
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: GLP-1R + GIPR + Glucagon receptor (triple agonism) [jastreboff-2023-reta]

## FAQ
### How does Retatrutide work?
Retatrutide acts on GLP-1R + GIPR + Glucagon receptor (triple agonism). [jastreboff-2023-reta]

### Is Retatrutide FDA-approved?
Retatrutide is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [jastreboff-2023-reta] Jastreboff 2023 — Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37366315/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/retatrutide
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Selank (Heptapeptide bioregulator)
Also known as: Selanc, Selankum, TP-7
Formula C33H57N11O9 · 751.9 g/mol · PubChem CID 11765600

## Quick facts
- Class: Heptapeptide bioregulator
- Evidence level: Human mechanistic evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Monoamine system (serotonin / GABA modulation) + immunomodulation via tuftsin domain [zaderej-2014]
- Pathway: Tuftsin-derived immune signaling + CNS monoamine modulation → reduced anxiety + improved mood / cognition [medvedev-2007]
- Downstream effect: Anxiolytic + cognitive enhancement; immunomodulation via increased IL-6 + IFN-γ [medvedev-2007] [zaderej-2014]

## FAQ
### How does Selank work?
Selank acts on Monoamine system (serotonin / GABA modulation) + immunomodulation via tuftsin domain, signalling via Tuftsin-derived immune signaling + CNS monoamine modulation → reduced anxiety + improved mood / cognition. [zaderej-2014] [medvedev-2007]

### Is Selank FDA-approved?
Selank is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [medvedev-2007] Medvedev 2007 — Pharmacology of Selank — anti-anxiety + cognitive effects (/refs/medvedev-2007)
- [zaderej-2014] Zaderej 2014 — Selank: anxiolytic effects + immunomodulation (/refs/zaderej-2014)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/selank
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Semaglutide (GLP-1 Receptor Agonist)
Also known as: Ozempic, Wegovy, Rybelsus
Formula C187H291N45O59 · 4114 g/mol · PubChem CID 56843331

## Quick facts
- Class: GLP-1 Receptor Agonist
- Half-life: ~7 days [fda-wegovy-label-2021]
- Evidence level: FDA-approved
- Regulatory status: FDA-approved (US)

## Mechanism
- Primary target: GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) [fda-wegovy-label-2021]
- Downstream effect: Improved glycemic control, reduced caloric intake, body-weight reduction, cardiovascular risk reduction [wilding-2021]

## FAQ
### What is the half-life of Semaglutide?
The reported half-life of Semaglutide is ~7 days. [fda-wegovy-label-2021]

### How does Semaglutide work?
Semaglutide acts on GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R). [fda-wegovy-label-2021]

### Is Semaglutide FDA-approved?
Yes — Semaglutide is approved by the US FDA.

## References cited on this plate
- [fda-wegovy-label-2021] WEGOVY (semaglutide) injection 2021 — WEGOVY (semaglutide) injection prescribing information (https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/215256s000lbl.pdf)
- [wilding-2021] Wilding 2021 — Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33567185/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/semaglutide
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Semax (Heptapeptide ACTH(4-10) analog)
Also known as: Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro, ACTH 4-10 analog
Formula C37H51N9O10S · 813.9 g/mol · PubChem CID 9811102

## Quick facts
- Class: Heptapeptide ACTH(4-10) analog
- Evidence level: Human mechanistic evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: BDNF / NGF expression + monoamine modulation [kaplan-2017-semax]
- Pathway: ↑ BDNF + NGF synthesis + 5-HT modulation → neuroplasticity + anxiolysis + cognitive enhancement [kaplan-2017-semax]
- Downstream effect: Improved memory + attention; reduced anxiety; neuroprotection in ischemia [kaplan-2017-semax]

## FAQ
### How does Semax work?
Semax acts on BDNF / NGF expression + monoamine modulation, signalling via ↑ BDNF + NGF synthesis + 5-HT modulation → neuroplasticity + anxiolysis + cognitive enhancement. [kaplan-2017-semax] [kaplan-2017-semax]

### Is Semax FDA-approved?
Semax is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [kaplan-2017-semax] Kaplan 2017 — Semax — synthetic ACTH(4-10) analog: cognitive enhancement (/refs/kaplan-2017-semax)
- [zaderej-2014] Zaderej 2014 — Selank: anxiolytic effects + immunomodulation (/refs/zaderej-2014)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/semax
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Sermorelin (GHRH Analogue)
Also known as: GHRH 1-29, GRF 1-29, sermorelin acetate
Formula C149H246N44O42S · 3357.9 g/mol · PubChem CID 16132413

## Quick facts
- Class: GHRH Analogue
- Half-life: ~12 min [molteno-2013]
- Evidence level: Phase 3 clinical
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Pituitary GHRH receptor [walker-1994]
- Pathway: GHRH-R → Gαs → cAMP → PKA → GH vesicle exocytosis [walker-1994]
- Downstream effect: Pulsatile GH release; subsequent IGF-1 elevation [molteno-2013]

## FAQ
### What is the half-life of Sermorelin?
The reported half-life of Sermorelin is ~12 min. [molteno-2013]

### How does Sermorelin work?
Sermorelin acts on Pituitary GHRH receptor, signalling via GHRH-R → Gαs → cAMP → PKA → GH vesicle exocytosis. [walker-1994] [walker-1994]

### Is Sermorelin FDA-approved?
Sermorelin is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [molteno-2013] Molteno 2013 — Sermorelin GHRH 1-29 acetate — review (/refs/molteno-2013)
- [walker-1994] Walker 1994 — Sermorelin: a better approach to management of adult-onset growth hormone insufficiency (/refs/walker-1994)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/sermorelin
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# SNAP-8 (SNARE Inhibitor Peptide)
Also known as: Acetyl Octapeptide-3, Acetyl Glutamyl Heptapeptide-1, SNAP-8 peptide
Formula C41H70N16O16S · 1075.2 g/mol · PubChem CID 76283482

## Quick facts
- Class: SNARE Inhibitor Peptide
- Evidence level: Human mechanistic evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## FAQ
### Is SNAP-8 FDA-approved?
SNAP-8 is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [kluczyk-2021] Kluczyk 2021 — Argireline: Needle-Free Botox as Analytical Challenge. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33482052/)
- [kraeling-2015] Kraeling 2015 — In vitro skin penetration of acetyl hexapeptide-8 from a cosmetic formulation. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24754410/)
- [lupin-2024] Lupin 2024 — INDIVIDUAL ARTICLE: Real-World Clinical Experience With a Neuro-Peptide Serum in Combination With Botulinum Toxin Type-A Injections. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39496132/)
- [olsson-2024] Olsson 2024 — Public Interest in Acetyl Hexapeptide-8: Longitudinal Analysis. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38376906/)
- [raikou-2017] Raikou 2017 — The efficacy study of the combination of tripeptide-10-citrulline and acetyl hexapeptide-3. A prospective, randomized controlled study. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28150423/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/snap-8
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# SS-31 (Mitochondrial-targeted tetrapeptide)
Also known as: Elamipretide, Bendavia, MTP-131
Formula C32H49N9O5 · 639.8 g/mol · PubChem CID 11764719

## Quick facts
- Class: Mitochondrial-targeted tetrapeptide
- Evidence level: Phase 3 clinical
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Cardiolipin in inner mitochondrial membrane [szeto-2014]
- Pathway: Cardiolipin binding → cristae stabilisation → ETC integrity → reduced ROS + preserved ATP synthesis [szeto-2014] [szilagyi-2009]
- Downstream effect: Mitochondrial bioenergetic preservation; cardio-, neuro-, and reno-protective effects in animal + clinical studies [szeto-2014]

## FAQ
### How does SS-31 work?
SS-31 acts on Cardiolipin in inner mitochondrial membrane, signalling via Cardiolipin binding → cristae stabilisation → ETC integrity → reduced ROS + preserved ATP synthesis. [szeto-2014] [szeto-2014] [szilagyi-2009]

### Is SS-31 FDA-approved?
SS-31 is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [szeto-2014] Szeto 2014 — First-in-class cardiolipin-protective compound as a therapeutic agent to restore mitochondrial bioenergetics (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24117165/)
- [szilagyi-2009] Szilagyi 2009 — SS-31 protects mitochondria during ischemia-reperfusion (/refs/szilagyi-2009)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/ss-31
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Survodutide (GLP-1/Glucagon Dual Agonist)
Also known as: BI 456906
Formula C192H289N47O61 · 4232 g/mol · PubChem CID 168429725

## Quick facts
- Class: GLP-1/Glucagon Dual Agonist
- Evidence level: Phase 3 clinical
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: GLP-1 receptor and glucagon receptor (GCGR) [yathindra-2026] [zimmermann-2026]
- Pathway: Central: CVOs → hypothalamic appetite regulation. Peripheral: GLP-1R → incretin effect; GCGR → hepatic lipid metabolism, energy expenditure [zimmermann-2026] [long-2026]
- Downstream effect: Decreased energy intake, increased energy expenditure, improved glucose homeostasis, hepatic fat reduction [zimmermann-2026] [yathindra-2026]

## FAQ
### How does Survodutide work?
Survodutide acts on GLP-1 receptor and glucagon receptor (GCGR), signalling via Central: CVOs → hypothalamic appetite regulation. Peripheral: GLP-1R → incretin effect; GCGR → hepatic lipid metabolism, energy expenditure. [yathindra-2026] [zimmermann-2026] [zimmermann-2026] [long-2026]

### Is Survodutide FDA-approved?
Survodutide is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [abulehia-2026] Abulehia 2026 — Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Glucagon Receptor Agonists on Metabolic Outcomes: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41787737/)
- [andonie-2026] Andonie 2026 — Comparative Analysis of Glucagon Receptor Agonists vs. Resmetirom in MASLD and MASH: Network Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41466530/)
- [elmendorf-2026] Elmendorf 2026 — IUPHAR review: From foe to friend: Repurposing glucagon to treat obesity and type 2 diabetes. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41478576/)
- [long-2026] Long 2026 — Hepatic GCGR is required for the superior weight loss and metabolic effects of a structurally related analogue of the dual GCGR/GLP-1R agonist survodutide in mice. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41388343/)
- [patil-2026] Patil 2026 — Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis (MASH)-Cirrhosis Clinical Trials: Lessons Learned and Future Directions. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41831171/)
- [rubino-2026] Rubino 2026 — Optimization of patient and site engagement in the SYNCHRONIZE™ phase 3 clinical trial program for survodutide in obesity through clinical trial simulation. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41704810/)
- [yathindra-2026] Yathindra 2026 — A review of survodutide: a new dual acting agonist. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41855048/)
- [zimmermann-2026] Zimmermann 2026 — Survodutide acts through circumventricular organs in the brain and activates neuronal regions associated with appetite regulation. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41638399/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/survodutide
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# TB-500 (Actin-sequestering peptide)
Also known as: Thymosin Beta-4, TB4, Tβ4, thymosin β4
Formula C212H350N56O78S · 4963 g/mol · PubChem CID 45382195

## Quick facts
- Class: Actin-sequestering peptide
- Evidence level: Phase 2 clinical
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: G-actin (sequestering) + cell-surface integrins [goldstein-2012]
- Pathway: Actin remodelling → cell migration; integrin-linked signaling → angiogenesis; anti-inflammatory cytokine modulation [goldstein-2012] [malinda-1999]
- Downstream effect: Accelerated wound healing, endothelial migration, hair follicle regeneration, cardiac repair (preclinical) [goldstein-2012]

## FAQ
### How does TB-500 work?
TB-500 acts on G-actin (sequestering) + cell-surface integrins, signalling via Actin remodelling → cell migration; integrin-linked signaling → angiogenesis; anti-inflammatory cytokine modulation. [goldstein-2012] [goldstein-2012] [malinda-1999]

### Is TB-500 FDA-approved?
TB-500 is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [goldstein-2012] Goldstein 2012 — Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22074294/)
- [malinda-1999] Malinda 1999 — Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/tb-500
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Teriparatide (PTH Fragment)
Also known as: Forteo, PTH (1-34), rhPTH(1-34), parathyroid hormone (1-34)
Formula C181H291N55O51S2 · 4118 g/mol · PubChem CID 16133850

## Quick facts
- Class: PTH Fragment
- Evidence level: FDA-approved
- Regulatory status: FDA-approved (US)

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) on osteoblasts [xue-2026]

## FAQ
### How does Teriparatide work?
Teriparatide acts on Parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) on osteoblasts. [xue-2026]

### Is Teriparatide FDA-approved?
Yes — Teriparatide is approved by the US FDA.

## References cited on this plate
- [crooks-2026] Crooks 2026 — Parathyroid Hormone in the Management of Pelvic Fragility Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41682883/)
- [ferrari-2026] Ferrari 2026 — Mechanisms Underlying the Waning of Osteoanabolic Therapy Effects in Osteoporosis. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41841800/)
- [morrison-2026] Morrison 2026 — Anabolic effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) to prevent ovariectomy induced bone loss is attenuated in Col1A1-cre floxed monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1, CCL2) mice. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41985703/)
- [obara-2026] Obara 2026 — Effect of genetic polymorphisms of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 on the efficacy of intermittent parathyroid hormone treatment and bone mineral density: A retrospective multicenter study. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41969601/)
- [tournis-2026] Tournis 2026 — Approach to the Patient: Management of bone fragility in patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41968412/)
- [xue-2026] Xue 2026 — Nutritional activation of the Nrf2-Pth1r axis by pyrroloquinoline quinone enhances peak bone mass and potentiates teriparatide in osteoporosis. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41687747/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/teriparatide
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Tesamorelin (GHRH Analogue)
Also known as: Egrifta, TH9507, tesamorelin acetate
Formula C221H366N72O67S · 5136 g/mol · PubChem CID 16137828

## Quick facts
- Class: GHRH Analogue
- Half-life: ~26 min [fda-egrifta-label-2010]
- Evidence level: FDA-approved
- Regulatory status: FDA-approved (US)

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Hypothalamic GHRH receptors [fda-egrifta-label-2010]
- Pathway: GHRH → Pituitary GH release → Liver IGF-1 synthesis [falutz-2007]
- Downstream effect: Increased GH pulsatility, elevated IGF-1, lipolysis of visceral adipose tissue [falutz-2010]

## FAQ
### What is the half-life of Tesamorelin?
The reported half-life of Tesamorelin is ~26 min. [fda-egrifta-label-2010]

### How does Tesamorelin work?
Tesamorelin acts on Hypothalamic GHRH receptors, signalling via GHRH → Pituitary GH release → Liver IGF-1 synthesis. [fda-egrifta-label-2010] [falutz-2007]

### Is Tesamorelin FDA-approved?
Yes — Tesamorelin is approved by the US FDA.

## References cited on this plate
- [falutz-2007] Falutz 2007 — Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18057338/)
- [falutz-2010] Falutz 2010 — Effects of tesamorelin (TH9507), a growth hormone-releasing factor analog, in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with excess abdominal fat: a pooled analysis of two multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 trials with safety extension data (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20554713/)
- [fda-egrifta-label-2010] EGRIFTA® (tesamorelin for inje 2010 — EGRIFTA® (tesamorelin for injection) prescribing information (https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2010/022505lbl.pdf)
- [raun-1998] Raun 1998 — Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9849822/)
- [sevigny-2018] Sévigny 2008 — Long-term safety and effects of tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue, in HIV patients with abdominal fat accumulation (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18690162/)
- [stanley-2014] Stanley 2014 — Effect of tesamorelin on visceral fat and liver fat in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation: a randomized clinical trial (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25038357/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/tesamorelin
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Tesofensine (Triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor)
Also known as: NS2330
Formula C17H23Cl2NO · 328.3 g/mol · PubChem CID 11370864

## Quick facts
- Class: Triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor
- Evidence level: Phase 3 clinical
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Serotonin / norepinephrine / dopamine transporters (SERT / NET / DAT) [astrup-2008-tesofensine]
- Pathway: Triple monoamine reuptake inhibition → ↑synaptic 5-HT, NE, DA → appetite suppression + thermogenesis [astrup-2008-tesofensine]
- Downstream effect: Strong appetite suppression, mild thermogenic effect, weight loss [astrup-2008-tesofensine]

## FAQ
### How does Tesofensine work?
Tesofensine acts on Serotonin / norepinephrine / dopamine transporters (SERT / NET / DAT), signalling via Triple monoamine reuptake inhibition → ↑synaptic 5-HT, NE, DA → appetite suppression + thermogenesis. [astrup-2008-tesofensine] [astrup-2008-tesofensine]

### Is Tesofensine FDA-approved?
Tesofensine is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [astrup-2008-tesofensine] Astrup 2008 — Effect of tesofensine on bodyweight loss, body composition, and quality of life in obese patients: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18950853/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/tesofensine
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Testagen (Bioregulator Peptide)
Also known as: Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly, KEDG

## Quick facts
- Class: Bioregulator Peptide
- Evidence level: Mechanistic animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## FAQ
### Is Testagen FDA-approved?
Testagen is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [fedoreyeva-2011] Fedoreyeva 2011 — Penetration of short fluorescence-labeled peptides into the nucleus in HeLa cells and in vitro specific interaction of the peptides with deoxyribooligonucleotides and DNA. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22117547/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/testagen
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Thymalin (Polypeptide complex)
Also known as: Thymalinum, thymus extract Khavinson

## Quick facts
- Class: Polypeptide complex
- Evidence level: Human mechanistic evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: T-cell precursors + thymus-axis maturation pathway [khavinson-2002-thymalin]
- Pathway: Modulation of T-cell differentiation + thymic hormone restoration in age-involuted thymus [khavinson-2002-thymalin]
- Downstream effect: Restored T-cell populations, improved immune surveillance, reduced infection rates in elderly [khavinson-2002-thymalin]

## FAQ
### How does Thymalin work?
Thymalin acts on T-cell precursors + thymus-axis maturation pathway, signalling via Modulation of T-cell differentiation + thymic hormone restoration in age-involuted thymus. [khavinson-2002-thymalin] [khavinson-2002-thymalin]

### Is Thymalin FDA-approved?
Thymalin is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [camerini-2001-talpha1] Camerini 2001 — Thymosin alpha-1: a clinical update (/refs/camerini-2001-talpha1)
- [khavinson-2002-thymalin] Khavinson 2002 — Peptides and Ageing (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12374906/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/thymalin
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Thymosin α-1 (Synthetic 28-AA thymic peptide)
Also known as: Tα-1, Zadaxin, Thymalfasin, thymosin alpha 1
Formula C129H215N33O55 · 3108.3 g/mol · PubChem CID 16130571

## Quick facts
- Class: Synthetic 28-AA thymic peptide
- Evidence level: Phase 3 clinical
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) + T-cell maturation pathway [camerini-2001-talpha1]
- Pathway: TLR9 activation → ↑ IFN-α + IL-2 + IFN-γ → enhanced T-cell function + dendritic cell maturation [iyer-2007-talpha1]
- Downstream effect: Restored T-cell function, improved viral clearance, anti-tumour adjuvant effects [iyer-2007-talpha1]

## FAQ
### How does Thymosin α-1 work?
Thymosin α-1 acts on Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) + T-cell maturation pathway, signalling via TLR9 activation → ↑ IFN-α + IL-2 + IFN-γ → enhanced T-cell function + dendritic cell maturation. [camerini-2001-talpha1] [iyer-2007-talpha1]

### Is Thymosin α-1 FDA-approved?
Thymosin α-1 is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [camerini-2001-talpha1] Camerini 2001 — Thymosin alpha-1: a clinical update (/refs/camerini-2001-talpha1)
- [iyer-2007-talpha1] Iyer 2007 — Zadaxin (Thymalfasin) for chronic hepatitis B and C (/refs/iyer-2007-talpha1)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/thymosin-alpha-1
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Tirzepatide (GIP / GLP-1 Dual Receptor Agonist)
Also known as: Mounjaro, Zepbound, LY3298176
Formula C225H348N48O68 · 4813 g/mol · PubChem CID 156588324

## Quick facts
- Class: GIP / GLP-1 Dual Receptor Agonist
- Half-life: ~5 days [fda-zepbound-label-2023]
- Evidence level: FDA-approved
- Regulatory status: FDA-approved (US)

## FAQ
### What is the half-life of Tirzepatide?
The reported half-life of Tirzepatide is ~5 days. [fda-zepbound-label-2023]

### Is Tirzepatide FDA-approved?
Yes — Tirzepatide is approved by the US FDA.

## References cited on this plate
- [fda-zepbound-label-2023] ZEPBOUND (tirzepatide) injecti 2023 — ZEPBOUND (tirzepatide) injection prescribing information (https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/217806s000lbl.pdf)
- [frias-2018] Frias 2018 — Efficacy and safety of LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, placebo-controlled and active comparator-controlled phase 2 trial (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30293770/)
- [jastreboff-2022] Jastreboff 2022 — Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35658024/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/tirzepatide
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Triptorelin (GnRH Agonist)
Also known as: Trelstar, Decapeptyl, Diphereline, GnRH agonist
Formula C64H82N18O13 · 1311.4 g/mol · PubChem CID 25074470

## Quick facts
- Class: GnRH Agonist
- Evidence level: FDA-approved
- Regulatory status: FDA-approved (US)

## Mechanism
- Primary target: Pituitary GnRH receptors [anon-2012]

## FAQ
### How does Triptorelin work?
Triptorelin acts on Pituitary GnRH receptors. [anon-2012]

### Is Triptorelin FDA-approved?
Yes — Triptorelin is approved by the US FDA.

## References cited on this plate
- [anon-2012] Unknown 2012 — Triptorelin. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31644065/)
- [chen-2024] Chen 2024 — Resources Utilization Assessment and Cost-Minimization Analysis of the 6-Monthly Formulation of Triptorelin in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer in China. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39691726/)
- [friedrich-2025] Friedrich 2025 — Racial Differences in Adverse Events After Androgen Deprivation in Veterans With Prostate Cancer. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41259022/)
- [jia-2025] Jia 2025 — Triptorelin associated adverse events evaluated using FAERS pharmacovigilance data. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40890214/)
- [patel-2025] Patel 2025 — Safety and Efficacy of Cerebrolysin for Neurorecovery After Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 14 Randomized Controlled Trials. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41018475/)
- [preston-2024] Preston 2024 — Risk of cardiovascular events following intermittent and continuous androgen deprivation therapy in patients with nonmetastatic prostate cancer. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39003108/)
- [yee-2025] Yee 2025 — A 6-month sustained-release formulation of triptorelin for locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer: a real-world experience in Asia. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40001059/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/triptorelin
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Vesugen (Bioregulatory Tripeptide)
Also known as: KED, Lys-Glu-Asp, Vezugen, T-38
Formula C15H26N4O8 · 390.39 g/mol · PubChem CID 87571363

## Quick facts
- Class: Bioregulatory Tripeptide
- Evidence level: Mechanistic animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## FAQ
### Is Vesugen FDA-approved?
Vesugen is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [khavinson-2014] Khavinson 2014 — [Peptides and CCL11 and HMGB1 as molecular markers of aging: literature review and own data]. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25826983/)
- [kitachev-2014] Kitachev 2014 — [The efficacy of peptide bioregulators of vessels in lower limbs chronic arterial insufficiency treatment in old and elderly people]. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25051774/)
- [kozlov-2016] Kozlov 2016 — [Molecular aspects of vasoprotective peptide KED activity during atherosclerosis and restenosis]. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28539025/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/vesugen
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# Vilon (Khavinson Bioregulator)
Also known as: Lys-Glu, KE
Formula C11H21N3O5 · 275.3 g/mol · PubChem CID 7010502

## Quick facts
- Class: Khavinson Bioregulator
- Evidence level: Strong animal evidence
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## FAQ
### Is Vilon FDA-approved?
Vilon is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [khavinson-2002] Khavinson 2002 — Effects of short peptides on thymocyte blast transformation and signal transduction along the sphingomyelin pathway. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12420072/)
- [khavinson-2014] Khavinson 2014 — [Peptides and CCL11 and HMGB1 as molecular markers of aging: literature review and own data]. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25826983/)
- [khavinson-2020] Khavinson 2020 — Thymalin: Activation of Differentiation of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33237528/)
- [lezhava-2023] Lezhava 2023 — EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF PEPTIDE BIOREGULATORS ON THE "OLD" CHROMATIN. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37042594/)
- [linkova-2011] Linkova 2011 — Peptidegic stimulation of differentiation of pineal immune cells. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22803057/)
- [morozov-1997] Morozov 1997 — Natural and synthetic thymic peptides as therapeutics for immune dysfunction. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9637345/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/vilon
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---

# VIP (Neuropeptide)
Also known as: Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Aviptadil, RLF-100
Formula C147H237N43O43S · 3326.8 g/mol · PubChem CID 53314964

## Quick facts
- Class: Neuropeptide
- Evidence level: Phase 3 clinical
- Regulatory status: Not FDA-approved (US) — research use only

## Mechanism
- Primary target: VPAC1 and VPAC2 G-protein-coupled receptors [udupa-2025]

## FAQ
### How does VIP work?
VIP acts on VPAC1 and VPAC2 G-protein-coupled receptors. [udupa-2025]

### Is VIP FDA-approved?
VIP is not FDA-approved in the United States and is handled as a research compound (research use only). Regulatory status may differ in other jurisdictions.

## References cited on this plate
- [boesing-2022] Boesing 2022 — Inhaled aviptadil for the possible treatment of COVID-19 in patients at high risk for ARDS: study protocol for a randomized, placebo-controlled, and multicenter trial. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36127739/)
- [brown-2023] Brown 2023 — Intravenous aviptadil and remdesivir for treatment of COVID-19-associated hypoxaemic respiratory failure in the USA (TESICO): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37348524/)
- [chen-2025] Chen 2025 — Investigation of vasoactive intestinal peptide expression and significance in a congenital diaphragmatic hernia animal model. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41342973/)
- [udupa-2025] Udupa 2025 — Aviptadil Therapy in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41368449/)

Source: https://peptidesdb.org/p/vip
Reference information for research use only. No medical advice.

---