Side-by-side · Research reference

ACE-031vsBronchogen

Side-by-side comparison across mechanism, dosage, evidence, side effects, administration, and stack synergies. Citations on every claim where available.

APhase 2HUMAN-REVIEWED10/44 cited

BAnimal-StrongHUMAN-REVIEWED16/35 cited

ACE-031

ActRIIB-Fc Fusion · Phase 2 Halted

Phase 2Highest trial stage

2011Development halted

~58.4 kDaMolecular weightReichel 2025

SQ · Weekly dosing investigated

Bronchogen

Tetrapeptide Bioregulator · Khavinson-School

0.05 ng/mLEffective concentrationZakutskiĭ 2006

60 daysCOPD model durationTitova 2017

30 daysTreatment courseKuzubova 2015

Research models: tissue culture / parenteral

01Mechanism of Action

Parameter

ACE-031

Bronchogen

Primary target

Myostatin, GDF11, activin A — TGF-β superfamily ligands

Bronchial epithelial cellsKuzubova 2015

Pathway

Soluble decoy receptor binds circulating myostatin/TGF-β ligands → prevents ActRIIB activation → SMAD2/3 pathway inhibition

Tissue-specific bioregulation → epithelial cell differentiation → ciliated cell restoration

Downstream effect

Disinhibition of myogenic signaling, increased skeletal muscle mass and strength

Reversal of goblet cell hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia elimination, restoration of ciliated epithelium, normalized secretory IgA and surfactant protein B productionKuzubova 2015 Titova 2017

Feedback intact?

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Origin

Recombinant fusion protein: human ActRIIB extracellular domain + IgG1-Fc fragmentReichel 2025

Synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu) from Khavinson bioregulator framework

Antibody development

—

02Dosage Protocols

Parameter

ACE-031

Bronchogen

Clinical dosing

Weekly or biweekly SQ injections (exact doses undisclosed pre-halt)

Phase 2 DMD trial protocol not fully published.

—

Black market products

Variable purity; 12/14 tested products contained target protein plus contaminantsReichel 2025

SDS-PAGE revealed multiple protein bands; quality control absent.Reichel 2025

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Evidence basis

Phase 2 trial discontinued — incomplete dataset

Animal models (rat) / organotypic cultureTitova 2017 Kuzubova 2015 Zakutskiĭ 2006

No human clinical trials reported in available literature.

Half-life

Days to weeks (Fc-fusion typical kinetics)

IgG1-Fc domain confers extended circulation time.

—

Duration investigated

12–24 weeks (trial cut short)

—

Effective concentration (culture)

—

0.05 ng/mLZakutskiĭ 2006

Demonstrated in organotypic tissue culture of bronchial explants.

Treatment duration (animal)

—

1 month (30 days)Kuzubova 2015 Titova 2017

Course duration in rat COPD models.

Model system

—

NO₂-induced COPD (60-day intermittent exposure)Titova 2017

Tissue specificity

—

Selective for bronchopulmonary tissue

Part of Khavinson organ-specific bioregulator series.

04Side Effects & Safety

Parameter

ACE-031

Bronchogen

Epistaxis (nosebleeds)

Significant incidence in Phase 2 DMD trial — primary safety signal

—

Telangiectasia

Dilated capillaries / spider veins observed

—

Vascular abnormalities

Mechanism: ActRIIB/ALK1 pathway disruption affects vascular homeostasis

—

Injection site reactions

Local erythema, induration (biologics class effect)

—

Antibody development

Potential for anti-drug antibodies (Fc-fusion proteins); incidence not reported

—

Black market contaminants

12/14 tested products contained multiple unidentified proteins alongside ACE-031Reichel 2025

—

Animal safety profile

—

No adverse effects reported in published rat studies

Limited safety data; only animal models available.

Human data

—

Absent — no clinical trials in humans reported

Long-term effects

—

Unknown — maximum study duration 30 days in animals

Absolute Contraindications

ACE-031

·History of vascular disorders (epistaxis, telangiectasia, HHT)
·Pregnancy (TGF-β pathway critical for fetal development)
·Active malignancy (myostatin inhibition may affect tumour growth)
·Use of non-pharmaceutical grade ACE-031 (contamination risk)Reichel 2025

Bronchogen

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Relative Contraindications

ACE-031

·Coagulation disorders or anticoagulant use (epistaxis risk)
·Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) family history
·Cardiovascular disease (vascular remodeling effects unknown)

Bronchogen

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05Administration Protocol

Parameter

ACE-031

Bronchogen

1. Pharmaceutical status

ACE-031 is not FDA-approved or commercially available. Phase 2 development was discontinued in 2011 due to safety concerns. Any ACE-031 on the black market is unregulated research chemical.

Bronchogen has been studied exclusively in animal models and organotypic tissue culture. No approved formulation or human administration protocol exists.

2. Black market quality

12 of 14 tested black market ACE-031 products contained the target protein but also carried multiple unidentified protein contaminants detectable by SDS-PAGE. Two products contained no ACVR2B-immunoreactive material.Reichel 2025

In rat COPD models, tetrapeptide administered for 30-day course following 60-day NO₂ exposure. Route and exact dosing not specified in abstracts.Titova 2017 Kuzubova 2015

3. Detection in sport

ACE-031 is prohibited under WADA S4.3 (Myostatin Inhibitors). Gel electrophoresis and Western blotting using ACVR2B-specific antibodies can detect the ~58.4 kDa protein in biological samples.Reichel 2025

Bronchial tissue explants from young (3-week) and aged (18-month) rats cultured in medium containing 0.05 ng/mL bronchogen, demonstrating tissue-specific stimulation.Zakutskiĭ 2006

4. Clinical trial route

Phase 2 protocol used subcutaneous injections at weekly or biweekly intervals. Exact dosing protocols remain unpublished.

Part of Russian peptide bioregulator framework emphasizing tissue-specific low-dose effects. Typically administered parenterally in related peptides from this series.