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Specimen Atlas of Research Peptides81 plates · MIT
Side-by-side · Research reference

ACE-031vsCagrilintide

Side-by-side comparison across mechanism, dosage, evidence, side effects, administration, and stack synergies. Citations on every claim where available.

APhase 2HUMAN-REVIEWED10/44 cited
BPhase 3HUMAN-REVIEWED35/64 cited
ACE-031
ActRIIB-Fc Fusion · Phase 2 Halted
Phase 2Highest trial stage
2011Development halted
~58.4 kDaMolecular weightReichel 2025
SQ · Weekly dosing investigated
Cagrilintide
Long-Acting Amylin Analogue · Phase 3
7.5%Additional weight loss vs semaglutideAhmed 2026
Once weeklyDosing frequencyBailey 2026
Dual AMYR/CTRReceptor agonismBailey 2026
SQ · Once WeeklyBailey 2026

01Mechanism of Action

Parameter
ACE-031
Cagrilintide
Primary target
Myostatin, GDF11, activin A — TGF-β superfamily ligands
Amylin receptor (AMYR) and calcitonin receptor (CTR) heterodimeric complexesBailey 2026
Pathway
Soluble decoy receptor binds circulating myostatin/TGF-β ligands → prevents ActRIIB activation → SMAD2/3 pathway inhibition
AMYR/CTR agonism → Central satiety signaling → Reduced food intake, delayed gastric emptying, suppressed glucagonBailey 2026
Downstream effect
Disinhibition of myogenic signaling, increased skeletal muscle mass and strength
Central satiety induction, prandial glucagon suppression, reduced caloric intake, weight loss, improved glycemic controlBailey 2026Yamauchi 2026
Feedback intact?
Yes — acts via physiological amylin pathways
Origin
Recombinant fusion protein: human ActRIIB extracellular domain + IgG1-Fc fragmentReichel 2025
Second-generation non-aggregating long-acting amylin analogue designed for once-weekly dosingBailey 2026
Antibody development

02Dosage Protocols

Parameter
ACE-031
Cagrilintide
Clinical dosing
Weekly or biweekly SQ injections (exact doses undisclosed pre-halt)
Phase 2 DMD trial protocol not fully published.
Black market products
Variable purity; 12/14 tested products contained target protein plus contaminantsReichel 2025
SDS-PAGE revealed multiple protein bands; quality control absent.Reichel 2025
Evidence basis
Phase 2 trial discontinued — incomplete dataset
Phase 3 RCT (REDEFINE 5), meta-analysis of 3 RCTs (n=3545)Yamauchi 2026Ahmed 2026
Half-life
Days to weeks (Fc-fusion typical kinetics)
IgG1-Fc domain confers extended circulation time.
Duration investigated
12–24 weeks (trial cut short)
Standard dose (combination)
Cagrilintide 2.4 mg + Semaglutide 2.4 mg (CagriSema)Yamauchi 2026
Phase 3 REDEFINE 5 trial dosing.
Monotherapy dosing
Dose-dependent, under investigation
Monotherapy trials reported in meta-analysis.
Frequency
Once weekly (subcutaneous)Bailey 2026
Long-acting formulation.
Duration
26–52 weeks in trialsYamauchi 2026
Route
Subcutaneous injectionBailey 2026

03Metabolic / Fat Loss Evidence

Parameter
ACE-031
Cagrilintide
Weight loss vs semaglutide
7.47% greater percentage weight lossAhmed 2026
CagriSema combination vs semaglutide monotherapy (meta-analysis).
Absolute weight change
Significantly greater absolute weight reductionAhmed 2026
Mean difference favoring combination therapy.
Mechanism
Central satiety inductionBailey 2026
BMI reduction
Significant BMI reduction vs comparatorAhmed 2026
Glycemic benefit
Reduced fasting glucose and HbA1cAhmed 2026
Synergistic effect with semaglutide in combination.
Lipid effects
Improvements in total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, VLDL-C, triglyceridesAhmed 2026
Body composition
Predominant fat loss with weight reduction
Mitochondrial function
In vitro effects on skeletal muscle mitochondria under metabolic stress conditionsOld 2026
C2C12 myotube study; clinical relevance under investigation.
Combination rationale
Multi-pathway approach: amylin (satiety) + GLP-1 (incretin)Lempesis 2026
Key publications
REDEFINE 5 (Yamauchi 2026) · Ahmed meta-analysis 2026 · Bailey review 2026Yamauchi 2026Ahmed 2026Bailey 2026

04Side Effects & Safety

Parameter
ACE-031
Cagrilintide
Epistaxis (nosebleeds)
Significant incidence in Phase 2 DMD trial — primary safety signal
Telangiectasia
Dilated capillaries / spider veins observed
Vascular abnormalities
Mechanism: ActRIIB/ALK1 pathway disruption affects vascular homeostasis
Injection site reactions
Local erythema, induration (biologics class effect)
Local reactions possible with subcutaneous administration
Antibody development
Potential for anti-drug antibodies (Fc-fusion proteins); incidence not reported
Black market contaminants
12/14 tested products contained multiple unidentified proteins alongside ACE-031Reichel 2025
Gastrointestinal
Nausea, diarrhea (common with incretin-based therapies)Pardali 2026
Dietary management and nutritional monitoring recommended.
Safety profile
Generally consistent with incretin-based therapies
Phase 3 and meta-analysis safety data.
Tolerability
Tolerability considerations similar to GLP-1RAs
Muscle preservation
Lean mass considerations during weight loss
In vitro mitochondrial effects observed; clinical impact under investigation.
Absolute Contraindications
ACE-031
  • ·History of vascular disorders (epistaxis, telangiectasia, HHT)
  • ·Pregnancy (TGF-β pathway critical for fetal development)
  • ·Active malignancy (myostatin inhibition may affect tumour growth)
  • ·Use of non-pharmaceutical grade ACE-031 (contamination risk)Reichel 2025
Cagrilintide
  • ·Hypersensitivity to cagrilintide or formulation components
Relative Contraindications
ACE-031
  • ·Coagulation disorders or anticoagulant use (epistaxis risk)
  • ·Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) family history
  • ·Cardiovascular disease (vascular remodeling effects unknown)
Cagrilintide
  • ·Severe gastrointestinal disease
  • ·History of pancreatitis (incretin-based therapy consideration)

05Administration Protocol

Parameter
ACE-031
Cagrilintide
1. Pharmaceutical status
ACE-031 is not FDA-approved or commercially available. Phase 2 development was discontinued in 2011 due to safety concerns. Any ACE-031 on the black market is unregulated research chemical.
Once-weekly subcutaneous injection. Long-acting formulation designed for weekly administration schedule.Bailey 2026
2. Black market quality
12 of 14 tested black market ACE-031 products contained the target protein but also carried multiple unidentified protein contaminants detectable by SDS-PAGE. Two products contained no ACVR2B-immunoreactive material.Reichel 2025
Co-formulated with semaglutide as CagriSema for single weekly injection combining amylin and GLP-1 receptor agonism.Yamauchi 2026Bailey 2026
3. Detection in sport
ACE-031 is prohibited under WADA S4.3 (Myostatin Inhibitors). Gel electrophoresis and Western blotting using ACVR2B-specific antibodies can detect the ~58.4 kDa protein in biological samples.Reichel 2025
Subcutaneous — typically abdomen, thigh, or upper arm. Rotate injection sites weekly to minimize local reactions.
4. Clinical trial route
Phase 2 protocol used subcutaneous injections at weekly or biweekly intervals. Exact dosing protocols remain unpublished.
Refrigerate 2–8°C. Follow product-specific storage instructions for pre-filled pens or vials. Protect from light.
5. Dietary considerations
Nutritional monitoring recommended during treatment. Dietary management strategies important for tolerability and outcomes.Pardali 2026

06Stack Synergy

ACE-031
— no documented stacks
Cagrilintide
+ Semaglutide
Strong
View Semaglutide

Cagrilintide (amylin receptor agonist) and semaglutide (GLP-1 receptor agonist) act on distinct receptor systems to produce synergistic weight loss through complementary mechanisms — central satiety via amylin pathways plus incretin-mediated glucose control and appetite suppression via GLP-1. Co-formulated as CagriSema, this combination demonstrates 7.5% greater weight loss versus semaglutide monotherapy in Phase 3 trials with additional benefits on glycemic control and lipid parameters.

CagriSema
Cagrilintide 2.4 mg + Semaglutide 2.4 mg
Frequency
Once weekly subcutaneous
Duration
26–52 weeks (trial data)
Primary benefit
Enhanced weight loss, improved glycemic control, multi-pathway metabolic modulation