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Specimen Atlas of Research Peptides81 plates · MIT
Side-by-side · Research reference

AdipotidevsLL-37

Side-by-side comparison across mechanism, dosage, evidence, side effects, administration, and stack synergies. Citations on every claim where available.

AAnimal-StrongHUMAN-REVIEWED15/49 cited
BHuman-MechanisticHUMAN-REVIEWED15/35 cited
Adipotide
Pro-apoptotic Vascular-Targeting Peptide · Preclinical Only
PreclinicalStatus
PHB1TargetHossen 2013
ApoptosisMechanismHossen 2013
IV · Systemic · Preclinical Protocols OnlyHossen 2013
LL-37
Cathelicidin · Human AMP
Broad-spectrumAntimicrobial activity
Membrane disruptionPrimary mechanismLu 2026He 2026
Innate immunityHost defense rolePinheiro 2026Zhang 2026
Endogenous · Secreted at inflammation sites

01Mechanism of Action

Parameter
Adipotide
LL-37
Primary target
Prohibitin-1 (PHB1) on adipose vasculature endotheliumHossen 2013
Bacterial membranes · Phosphatidylserine-exposed cellsHe 2026Lu 2026
Pathway
CKGGRAKDC domain binds PHB1 → Peptide internalisation → D(KLAKLAK)₂ mitochondrial membrane disruption
hCAP-18 precursor → Proteinase-3 cleavage → LL-37 release → Membrane insertion/disruption
Downstream effect
Endothelial apoptosis → Adipose vascular collapse → Adipocyte involution → Weight loss
Membrane permeabilization, cytokine induction, autophagy, phagosome-lysosome fusion, chemotaxisAhmad 2026Zhang 2026
Feedback intact?
N/A — Direct apoptotic mechanism, non-hormonal
Origin
Synthetic bioconjugate: PHB1-targeting homing peptide + pro-apoptotic KLA sequence
Endogenous human cathelicidin (37-AA fragment, residues 134–170 of hCAP-18)
Antibody development

02Dosage Protocols

Parameter
Adipotide
LL-37
Animal dose (mouse)
Low dose (not specified in abstract)Hossen 2013
Systemic injection in diet-induced obesity (DIO) models.Hossen 2013
Route
Intravenous (systemic injection)
Frequency
Not specified in available data
Evidence basis
Preclinical animal models only
In vitro, animal models, human observational
Human data
None — no clinical trials reported
Endogenous expression
Constitutive in neutrophils, epithelial tissues
Upregulated during infection and inflammation.Pinheiro 2026
Exogenous (experimental)
Dose varies by study; antimalarial ~10–50 μM in vitro
No FDA-approved exogenous formulation.
Plasma levels (malaria)
Elevated in infected patients and miceHe 2026
Exogenous administration reduced parasitemia in murine models.He 2026

03Metabolic / Fat Loss Evidence

Parameter
Adipotide
LL-37
Primary fat target
White adipose tissue (all depots)
Mechanism
Vascular apoptosis → adipose blood supply collapse → adipocyte deathHossen 2013
Body weight reduction
Significant reduction in DIO miceHossen 2013
Absolute values not provided in abstract.
Leptin levels
Significant decrease
Parallel to adipose mass reduction.
Effect on adipocytes
Antiobesity effect on dysfunctional adipose cells (adipocytes + macrophages)Hossen 2013
Ectopic fat
Reduction in ectopic fat depositionHossen 2013
Marker of dysfunctional adipose tissue / metabolic syndrome.
Species tested
Obese rhesus monkeys, DIO mice
Human translation
Unknown — no clinical trials

04Side Effects & Safety

Parameter
Adipotide
LL-37
Safety profile
Unknown — preclinical data only
Vascular selectivity
Targets adipose vasculature; off-target vascular effects unknown
Apoptotic mechanism risk
Pro-apoptotic payload may affect unintended tissues if selectivity incomplete
Kidney / liver toxicity
Not reported in available data
Immunogenicity
Not assessed in available data
Cytotoxicity (high dose)
Membrane disruption in host cells at supraphysiological concentrations
Pro-inflammatory signaling
Can exacerbate inflammation in certain contexts (context-dependent)Pinheiro 2026
Biofilm formation risk
LL-37-DNA complexes may stabilize dental plaque biofilmsTanabe 2026
Theoretical cancer risk
Immunomodulatory roles in tumor microenvironment under investigation
Absolute Contraindications
Adipotide
  • ·Human use — not approved, no clinical safety data
LL-37
Relative Contraindications
Adipotide
  • ·Any condition requiring intact adipose-tissue vascularisation
LL-37
  • ·Active autoimmune disease (theoretical immune dysregulation)

05Administration Protocol

Parameter
Adipotide
LL-37
1. Route
Intravenous injection (systemic) in preclinical models. No human protocols exist.
LL-37 is constitutively expressed in neutrophils and epithelial cells, cleaved from hCAP-18 by proteinase-3 at sites of infection or inflammation.
2. Formulation
Bioconjugate peptide. May also be encapsulated in nanoparticles (prohibitin-targeted nanoparticle formulation, KLA-PTNP, showed superior efficacy vs. free bioconjugate in mice).Hossen 2013
Synthetic LL-37 and derivatives (e.g., SAMP-12aa) tested in vitro and animal models. Administered via topical, intraperitoneal, or intravenous routes in research settings.
3. Preclinical dosing
Low-dose systemic injection (exact dosing not specified in available abstract). Frequency and duration not detailed.Hossen 2013
LL-37 is resistant to pepsin degradation at gastric pH. Synthetic short peptides designed to retain this stability while reducing toxicity.Lu 2026
4. Storage
Not specified — likely requires peptide-grade lyophilised storage and reconstitution.