Side-by-side · Research reference

AOD-9604vsLiraglutide

Side-by-side comparison across mechanism, dosage, evidence, side effects, administration, and stack synergies. Citations on every claim where available.

APhase 2Reviewed10/47 cited

BFDA-ApprovedVerified14/45 cited

AOD-9604

HGH 176-191 · β3-AR Lipolytic

250–300 mcgDaily doseHeffernan 2001

Phase 2Evidence levelHeffernan 2001 Ng 2008

~30 minHalf-life

SQ · Abdomen · Daily fasted

Liraglutide

Daily GLP-1 RA · FDA-Approved

0.6–3.0 mgDaily doseSAXENDA (liraglutide) injectio 2014

5–10%Body-weight ↓SAXENDA (liraglutide) injectio 2014

~13 hrHalf-lifeSAXENDA (liraglutide) injectio 2014

SQ · Abdomen / thigh / arm · Once daily

01Mechanism of Action

Parameter

AOD-9604

Liraglutide

Primary target

β3-adrenergic receptor (proposed)Ng 2008

GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R)SAXENDA (liraglutide) injectio 2014

Pathway

β3-AR activation → cAMP → hormone-sensitive lipase activation → triglyceride breakdown to FFA + glycerolNg 2008

GLP-1R agonism → ↑glucose-dependent insulin, ↓glucagon, ↓gastric emptying, ↓appetiteSAXENDA (liraglutide) injectio 2014 Marso 2016

Downstream effect

Lipolysis of adipose tissue triglycerides; FFA release for oxidation; minimal IGF-1 / insulin impactHeffernan 2001

Glycemic improvement, modest body-weight reduction, cardiovascular event reduction in high-risk T2DMarso 2016

Feedback intact?

No GH-axis or IGF-1 feedback

Glucose-dependent insulin release preserves physiological feedback

Origin

Synthetic modified C-terminal hexadecapeptide fragment of human GH (176-191) with N-terminal Tyr substitutionNg 2008

Modified GLP-1(7-37) with Lys26 substitution (Arg34) and C-16 palmitoyl-glutamate acylation for albumin bindingSAXENDA (liraglutide) injectio 2014

Antibody development

—

02Dosage Protocols

Parameter

AOD-9604

Liraglutide

Standard dose

250–300 mcg / dayHeffernan 2001

Anecdotal SQ range. Phase 2 trial dose 1 mg/day oral.

—

Frequency

Once daily, fasted

Once daily, same time each day

Lower / starter dose

150 mcg / day

—

Evidence basis

Phase 2 trials + animal-strongHeffernan 2001 Ng 2008

FDA-approved · Phase 3 RCTs (LEADER, SCALE)Marso 2016 SAXENDA (liraglutide) injectio 2014

Duration

8–12 weeks per cycle

Indefinite for chronic indication

Reconstitution

Bacteriostatic water, 1 mL per 2 mg vial → 2 mg/mL

Pre-filled commercial pen (no reconstitution)

Timing

Morning fasted preferred (pre-cardio)

Aligns with circadian lipolysis.

Any time of day; consistent

Half-life

~30 min plasma

~13 hrSAXENDA (liraglutide) injectio 2014

Standard dose (T2D, Victoza)

—

1.2–1.8 mg / daySAXENDA (liraglutide) injectio 2014

Standard dose (weight, Saxenda)

—

3.0 mg / day (after 5-week titration)SAXENDA (liraglutide) injectio 2014

Titration schedule

—

0.6 → 1.2 → 1.8 → 2.4 → 3.0 mg over 5 weeks

Mitigates GI side effects.

04Side Effects & Safety

Parameter

AOD-9604

Liraglutide

Injection site reaction

Mild erythema

—

GI symptoms

Rare mild nausea

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (very common during titration)SAXENDA (liraglutide) injectio 2014

Cardiovascular

Possible mild HR increase via β3-AR (theoretical β1 cross-reactivity)

—

IGF-1 elevation

None — designed to lack GH-axis activityHeffernan 2001

—

Insulin sensitivity

Neutral — no glucose impairmentHeffernan 2001

—

Cancer risk

No GH/IGF-1 axis activity → lower theoretical risk vs HGH

—

Pregnancy / OB

Avoid

Contraindicated

Pancreatitis risk

—

Rare; discontinue if suspected

Thyroid C-cell tumours

—

Boxed warning — contraindicated in MEN2 / MTC historySAXENDA (liraglutide) injectio 2014

Hypoglycemia

—

Low risk as monotherapy; elevated with sulfonylureas / insulin

Heart rate

—

Modest ↑ resting HR (~2-3 bpm)

Cardiovascular benefit

—

↓ MACE in high-risk T2D (LEADER trial)Marso 2016

Absolute Contraindications

AOD-9604

·Pregnancy / breastfeeding
·Severe cardiovascular disease (caution with β-receptor agonists)

Liraglutide

·MTC personal or family history; MEN2
·Pregnancy / breastfeeding
·Hypersensitivity to liraglutide

Relative Contraindications

AOD-9604

·Concurrent β-blocker therapy (theoretical antagonism)
·Pheochromocytoma

Liraglutide

·Severe gastroparesis
·History of pancreatitis
·Severe gastrointestinal disease

05Administration Protocol

Parameter

AOD-9604

Liraglutide

1. Reconstitution

Add 1 mL bacteriostatic water to 2 mg vial → 2 mg/mL = 200 mcg per 0.1 mL.

Commercial pre-filled pen, no reconstitution required.

2. Injection site

SQ — abdomen preferred. Rotate sites.

SQ — abdomen, thigh, or upper arm. Rotate sites.

3. Timing

Morning, fasted, ideally pre-cardio for amplified fat oxidation.

Once daily, same time each day. Take with or without food.

4. Storage

Lyophilised: room temp, light-protected. Reconstituted: refrigerate, ≤30 days.

Refrigerate 2–8 °C unopened; room temp ≤30 °C up to 30 days after first use.

5. Needle

29–31G, 4–8 mm insulin syringe.

Pen-supplied 32G needle.

06Stack Synergy

AOD-9604

+ MOTS-c

Moderate

View MOTS-c →

AOD-9604 mobilises FFAs from adipose via β3-AR; MOTS-c upregulates AMPK / PGC-1α / FAO machinery so that mobilised FFAs are efficiently oxidised. The pathways are sequential — supply (AOD) plus demand (MOTS-c) — and produce more durable lipolytic effects than either alone in anecdotal protocols.

AOD-9604: 250–300 mcg SQ · morning fasted (daily)
MOTS-c: 5 mg SQ · 2–3× per week (pre-workout)
Primary benefit: Fat mobilisation + mitochondrial oxidation, no IGF-1 concern

Liraglutide

— no documented stacks