Side-by-side · Research reference

CrystagenvsLL-37

Side-by-side comparison across mechanism, dosage, evidence, side effects, administration, and stack synergies. Citations on every claim where available.

AAnimal-MechanisticHUMAN-REVIEWED12/40 cited

BHuman-MechanisticHUMAN-REVIEWED15/35 cited

Crystagen

Khavinson Bioregulator · Immune-Thymic

B-cellPrimary targetСhervyakova 2014

SpleenTissue specificityСhervyakova 2014

AnimalEvidence level

SQ · Protocol variable

LL-37

Cathelicidin · Human AMP

Broad-spectrumAntimicrobial activity

Membrane disruptionPrimary mechanismLu 2026 He 2026

Innate immunityHost defense rolePinheiro 2026 Zhang 2026

Endogenous · Secreted at inflammation sites

01Mechanism of Action

Parameter

Crystagen

LL-37

Primary target

B-lymphocytes in splenic tissueСhervyakova 2014

Bacterial membranes · Phosphatidylserine-exposed cellsHe 2026 Lu 2026

Pathway

B-cell activation → Immune modulation during agingСhervyakova 2014

hCAP-18 precursor → Proteinase-3 cleavage → LL-37 release → Membrane insertion/disruption

Downstream effect

B-cell activation via apoptosis reduction; no observed increase in splenic cell renewalСhervyakova 2014

Membrane permeabilization, cytokine induction, autophagy, phagosome-lysosome fusion, chemotaxisAhmad 2026 Zhang 2026

Feedback intact?

Unknown — bioregulator mechanism not fully characterized

—

Origin

Synthetic Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly tetrapeptide — Khavinson bioregulator series

Endogenous human cathelicidin (37-AA fragment, residues 134–170 of hCAP-18)

Antibody development

—

02Dosage Protocols

Parameter

Crystagen

LL-37

Standard dose

Not standardized — variable protocols

Russian bioregulator literature does not specify unified human dosing.

—

Evidence basis

Animal / mechanistic

In vitro, animal models, human observational

Route

Subcutaneous (presumed from bioregulator class)

—

Frequency

Unknown — bioregulator protocols variable

—

Duration

Unknown — chronic administration presumed in animal models

—

Half-life

Not reported

—

Endogenous expression

—

Constitutive in neutrophils, epithelial tissues

Upregulated during infection and inflammation.Pinheiro 2026

Exogenous (experimental)

—

Dose varies by study; antimalarial ~10–50 μM in vitro

No FDA-approved exogenous formulation.

Plasma levels (malaria)

—

Elevated in infected patients and miceHe 2026

Exogenous administration reduced parasitemia in murine models.He 2026

04Side Effects & Safety

Parameter

Crystagen

LL-37

Published adverse events

None reported in available animal literature

—

Human safety data

Absent — no controlled human trials identified

—

Autoimmune considerations

Theoretical concern with B-cell modulators in predisposed individuals

—

Cytotoxicity (high dose)

—

Membrane disruption in host cells at supraphysiological concentrations

Pro-inflammatory signaling

—

Can exacerbate inflammation in certain contexts (context-dependent)Pinheiro 2026

Biofilm formation risk

—

LL-37-DNA complexes may stabilize dental plaque biofilmsTanabe 2026

Theoretical cancer risk

—

Immunomodulatory roles in tumor microenvironment under investigation

Absolute Contraindications

Crystagen

·Active autoimmune disease (theoretical)

LL-37

—

Relative Contraindications

Crystagen

·Pregnancy / lactation (no data)
·Active B-cell malignancies

LL-37

·Active autoimmune disease (theoretical immune dysregulation)

05Administration Protocol

Parameter

Crystagen

LL-37

1. Route

Subcutaneous injection — presumed from bioregulator class convention. Specific anatomical sites not standardized.

LL-37 is constitutively expressed in neutrophils and epithelial cells, cleaved from hCAP-18 by proteinase-3 at sites of infection or inflammation.

2. Reconstitution

Protocol not standardized. If lyophilized, sterile water or bacteriostatic saline typical for peptide bioregulators.

Synthetic LL-37 and derivatives (e.g., SAMP-12aa) tested in vitro and animal models. Administered via topical, intraperitoneal, or intravenous routes in research settings.

3. Timing

Not specified. Bioregulator protocols vary — some practitioners advocate evening dosing, others morning.

LL-37 is resistant to pepsin degradation at gastric pH. Synthetic short peptides designed to retain this stability while reducing toxicity.Lu 2026

4. Storage

Lyophilized: room temperature, light-protected. Reconstituted: refrigerate, use within days to weeks depending on preservative.

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06Stack Synergy

Crystagen

+ Vilon

Multi-pathway

View Vilon →

Vilon (Lys-Glu) activates T-helper cells via apoptosis reduction, while Crystagen activates B-cells. Dual T/B immune modulation in aging models may provide complementary thymic-immune support within the Khavinson bioregulator framework. Both target splenic immune aging through distinct lymphocyte subsets.

Crystagen: Dose unknown · SQ
Vilon: Dose unknown · SQ
Frequency: Protocol variable
Primary benefit: Broader thymic-immune coverage (T-cell + B-cell)

Сhervyakova 2014

LL-37

— no documented stacks