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Specimen Atlas of Research Peptides81 plates · MIT
Side-by-side · Research reference

FOXO4-DRIvsHumanin

Side-by-side comparison across mechanism, dosage, evidence, side effects, administration, and stack synergies. Citations on every claim where available.

AAnimal-StrongHUMAN-REVIEWED12/45 cited
BAnimal-StrongHUMAN-REVIEWED14/52 cited
FOXO4-DRI
Senolytic Peptide · D-Retro-Inverso
p53-TADMolecular targetBourgeois 2025
Pre-clinicalDevelopment stage
SQRoute (animal)
SQ · Animal models only
Humanin
Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide · Cytoprotective
24-AAPeptide lengthZhu 2022
mtDNAEncoded originZhu 2022Shahzaib 2026
Bax/BimPrimary targetZhu 2022Morris 2021
SQ · Experimental

01Mechanism of Action

Parameter
FOXO4-DRI
Humanin
Primary target
FOXO4-p53 protein complex in senescent cellsBourgeois 2025Tripathi 2021
Intracellular: Bax, Bim, tBid (pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family). Extracellular: FPRL1/2 G-protein-coupled receptorsZhu 2022Lue 2021
Pathway
FOXO4-DRI binds disordered p53 transactivation domain → displaces FOXO4 → nuclear p53 exclusion → p53-mediated apoptosis in senescent cells
Humanin binds Bax/Bim → inhibits mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) → blocks cytochrome c release → prevents caspase activation → cell survival
Downstream effect
Selective apoptosis of senescent cells; clearance restores tissue homeostasisTripathi 2021Alameen 2026
Suppression of apoptosis, mitochondrial stabilization, reduced oxidative stress, preservation of germ cells and neurons under stressZhu 2022Lue 2021Velentza 2024
Feedback intact?
Not applicable — peptide acts as anti-apoptotic signal, not hormonal axis
Origin
D-retro-inverso modification — inverted amino acid sequence, D-amino acids for protease resistance
Encoded by short open reading frame in mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene (MTRNR2). 24-28 amino acids. 13 homologous variants (MTRNR2L1-L13) identified.Zhu 2022Shahzaib 2026
Antibody development
Not reported in animal models

02Dosage Protocols

Parameter
FOXO4-DRI
Humanin
Animal dose (mouse)
5 mg/kg
SQ injection, aged mouse model (testosterone restoration).
Frequency (animal)
Variable — single or intermittent dosing
Protocol-dependent; no standardised regimen.
Human equivalent (theoretical)
~0.4 mg/kg (28 mg / 70 kg adult)
Extrapolated using allometric scaling; no clinical validation.
Evidence basis
Animal / mechanistic
Animal models (rat, mouse)Huang 2025El 2022Velentza 2024
Route
SQ (animal)
No human route established.
Duration
Weeks to months (animal studies)
Senescent cell clearance observed within weeks.
8–12 weeks in animal studies
Clinical status
No human trials completed
Standard experimental dose (HNG)
4 mg/kg IP (rat)
Most common dose in rodent models.
Ex vivo bone culture
1 µg/mL
Protective against venetoclax-induced bone growth retardation.
Frequency
Daily (IP)
Human data
None — no clinical trials reported
Analog (HNG)
Gly[14]-humanin — more potent variant
Substitution at position 14 enhances cytoprotective activity.

03Metabolic / Fat Loss Evidence

Parameter
FOXO4-DRI
Humanin
Direct fat loss evidence
None
Mechanism overlap
Mitochondrial health may indirectly influence metabolic efficiency, but no quantified effect

04Side Effects & Safety

Parameter
FOXO4-DRI
Humanin
Pulmonary hypertension risk
Senescent cell elimination promoted PH development/progression in rodent modelsBorn 2023
Context-dependent toxicity
Beneficial effects may be tissue/context-specific; elimination not universally protectiveBorn 2023
Off-target apoptosis
Theoretical risk of non-senescent cell apoptosis (selectivity not absolute)
Immune perturbation
Senescent cells contribute to immune surveillance; clearance effects unknown
Human safety unknown
No clinical trials — toxicity profile in humans not established
Animal model safety
Well-tolerated in rat and mouse studies at 4 mg/kg for 8–12 weeks
Human safety data
None — no clinical trials
Theoretical fibrillation risk
Induces amyloid-like fibrillation of Bax/BID. Long-term sequelae unknown.
Injection site reaction
Not reported in animal studies (IP route)
Reproductive safety
Protective in POI model (cyclophosphamide-induced), no adverse effects on fertility notedHuang 2025
Absolute Contraindications
FOXO4-DRI
  • ·Pulmonary hypertension or vascular disease (preclinical evidence of harm)Born 2023
  • ·Pregnancy / lactation (no safety data)
Humanin
  • ·Unknown — no human data
Relative Contraindications
FOXO4-DRI
  • ·Active malignancy (senescence as tumour suppressor mechanism)
  • ·Wound healing / tissue repair (senescent cells involved in fibrosis resolution)
Humanin
  • ·Active malignancy (theoretical risk of anti-apoptotic effect on tumour cells)

05Administration Protocol

Parameter
FOXO4-DRI
Humanin
1. Pre-clinical route
Subcutaneous injection used in rodent models. No human administration protocol exists.
Intraperitoneal (IP) in animal models. Subcutaneous route untested. No human protocols exist.
2. Reconstitution (animal)
Typically reconstituted in sterile saline or PBS for animal experiments. Stability data limited.
Synthetic peptide reconstituted in sterile saline or PBS. No commercial formulation available.
3. Dosing schedule
Variable — single bolus or intermittent dosing over weeks. No standardised human protocol.
Daily administration in animal studies. Optimal timing not characterized.
4. Clinical development status
No registered human trials. Commercialisation by Cleara Biotech (Netherlands) in development phase.
Lyophilised powder: -20 °C. Reconstituted: 4 °C, use within 7 days. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
5. Safety monitoring (proposed)
Would require cardiovascular assessment, pulmonary function, immune panel, tumour surveillance if human trials proceed.
No FDA approval, no IND, no clinical trials. Experimental research tool only.

06Stack Synergy

FOXO4-DRI
— no documented stacks
Humanin
+ MOTS-c
Multi-pathway
View MOTS-c

Both are mitochondrial-derived peptides. MOTS-c enhances metabolic efficiency and insulin sensitivity via AMPK activation, while humanin prevents mitochondrial apoptosis. Combined, they address mitochondrial function (MOTS-c) and survival signaling (humanin), supporting cellular resilience under metabolic and oxidative stress.

Humanin
4 mg/kg IP · daily (animal model)
MOTS-c
5 mg/kg IP · daily (animal model)
Frequency
Once daily
Primary benefit
Mitochondrial health, metabolic efficiency, anti-apoptotic signaling