Side-by-side · Research reference

GLP-1 (7-37)vsPTD-DBM

Side-by-side comparison across mechanism, dosage, evidence, side effects, administration, and stack synergies. Citations on every claim where available.

AHuman-MechanisticHUMAN-REVIEWED16/43 cited

BAnimal-StrongHUMAN-REVIEWED10/40 cited

GLP-1 (7-37)

Incretin Hormone · Native Peptide

~2 minHalf-lifeAlavi 2021 Ding 2017

3297.7 DaMolecular weightAlavi 2021

1922Discovery year

Research use only · IV/SC in experimental settings

PTD-DBM

Wnt Pathway Activator · Fusion Peptide

Topical / SQAdministrationLee 2023 Ryu 2023

Animal-onlyEvidence level

Wnt/β-cateninPrimary pathway

Topical / SQ · Study-dependent

01Mechanism of Action

Parameter

GLP-1 (7-37)

PTD-DBM

Primary target

GLP-1 receptor (class B GPCR)Koole 2015

CXXC5–Dishevelled protein-protein interaction

Pathway

GLP-1R activation → cAMP production → PKA signaling → insulin secretion (pancreatic β-cells)Lu 2025 Koole 2015

Inhibit CXXC5 binding to Dishevelled → Release Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitionLee 2015 Ryu 2023

Downstream effect

Glucose-dependent insulin release, glucagon suppression, delayed gastric emptying, reduced food intakeLu 2025 Ding 2017

Activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes hair follicle regeneration, dermal stem cell activation, reduced myofibroblast differentiation

Feedback intact?

Yes — physiological secretion and degradation preserved

Not applicable — pathway derepression rather than receptor agonism

Origin

Endogenous peptide cleaved from proglucagon in intestinal L cells; secreted postprandially

Engineered fusion: cell-penetrating PTD sequence + Dvl-binding motif targeting CXXC5

Antibody development

—

02Dosage Protocols

Parameter

GLP-1 (7-37)

PTD-DBM

Clinical use

None — native GLP-1 not used therapeutically

Engineered analogues (semaglutide, liraglutide) used clinically.Friedman 2024

—

Research dosing

Variable — 0.1–10 nmol/kg in animal models

Used as reference standard for analogue comparison.

—

Half-life

~2 minutes (plasma)Alavi 2021 Ding 2017

Requires continuous infusion for sustained effect.

—

Modified analogues

t½ extended to 13 h (liraglutide), 165 h (semaglutide)

Via DPP-4 resistance + fatty acid acylation.

—

Wound healing protocol

—

Hydrogel patch delivery (concentration not disclosed)

Pyrogallol-HA patch, murine model.

Hair regeneration protocol

—

Topical application (exact dose not disclosed)

Wound-induced hair neogenesis model, mice.

Evidence basis

—

Animal models only (mice)

Co-administration

—

Valproic acid (GSK-3β inhibitor) for wound healing synergyLee 2023

Combined treatment maximized scar reduction.

Human translation

—

No published human studies

03Metabolic / Fat Loss Evidence

Parameter

GLP-1 (7-37)

PTD-DBM

Mechanism

GLP-1R activation in hypothalamic satiety centers (arcuate nucleus) reduces food intakeLu 2025

Effect demonstrated with long-acting analogues (liraglutide).Lu 2025

—

Native GLP-1 efficacy

Minimal — rapid degradation prevents sustained appetite suppression

—

Gastric emptying

Delayed in animal models, contributing to satiety

—

Body weight impact

Not observed with native GLP-1 — requires analogue formulations

—

04Side Effects & Safety

Parameter

GLP-1 (7-37)

PTD-DBM

Native GLP-1

Well-tolerated in research settings; no prolonged exposure data

—

Hypoglycemia risk

Low — insulin secretion is glucose-dependent

—

Analogue side effects

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (GLP-1R agonists)

Not applicable to native GLP-1 due to non-therapeutic use.

—

GLP-1 resistance

High glucose-induced PKCβ overexpression may reduce GLP-1 responsiveness in endothelial cellsPujadas 2016

—

Reported adverse events

—

None reported in animal studies

Wnt pathway activation risks

—

Theoretical risk of aberrant proliferation; Wnt dysregulation linked to tumorigenesis

Long-term safety

—

Unknown — no chronic dosing or human data

Delivery vehicle effects

—

HA-PG hydrogel well-tolerated in mice; human translation pending

Absolute Contraindications

GLP-1 (7-37)

—

PTD-DBM

·Active malignancy (Wnt pathway involvement in tumorigenesis)
·Pregnancy / lactation (no safety data)

Relative Contraindications

GLP-1 (7-37)

—

PTD-DBM

·History of Wnt-driven tumors
·Skin lesions with uncertain malignant potential

05Administration Protocol

Parameter

GLP-1 (7-37)

PTD-DBM

1. Research use only

Native GLP-1(7-37) is not formulated for therapeutic use. Administered IV or SC in experimental protocols to study GLP-1R pharmacology and as reference standard for analogue development.

Pyrogallol-functionalized hyaluronic acid (HA-PG) hydrogel patch loaded with PTD-DBM peptide, applied directly to wound bed. Adhesive hydrogel provides sustained release over multiple days.Lee 2023

2. Storage

Lyophilised peptide stored at -20°C or below. Reconstituted solutions should be prepared fresh and used immediately due to rapid degradation.

Topical application to scalp or wound site. Precise formulation not disclosed; studies used Cxxc5 knockout or direct peptide application in wound-induced hair neogenesis models.Ryu 2023

3. Clinical alternatives

For therapeutic GLP-1R activation, use FDA-approved long-acting analogues: semaglutide (once weekly), liraglutide (once daily), dulaglutide (once weekly), or exenatide (twice daily or once weekly).

PTD-DBM + valproic acid (GSK-3β inhibitor) in HA-PG patch showed synergistic effect on scar reduction and regenerative wound healing. VPA enhances Wnt pathway activation downstream.Lee 2023

4. Storage & Handling

—

Not disclosed in available literature. Peptide stability and storage conditions not published.