Side-by-side · Research reference

GLP-1 (7-37)vsTB-500

Side-by-side comparison across mechanism, dosage, evidence, side effects, administration, and stack synergies. Citations on every claim where available.

AHuman-MechanisticHUMAN-REVIEWED16/43 cited

BPhase 2HUMAN-REVIEWED8/46 cited

GLP-1 (7-37)

Incretin Hormone · Native Peptide

~2 minHalf-lifeAlavi 2021 Ding 2017

3297.7 DaMolecular weightAlavi 2021

1922Discovery year

Research use only · IV/SC in experimental settings

TB-500

Thymosin β4 fragment · Healing

2 mgPer doseGoldstein 2012

Phase 2Evidence levelGoldstein 2012

~2 hrHalf-life

SQ or IM · Multiple sites · 2–3×/week

01Mechanism of Action

Parameter

GLP-1 (7-37)

TB-500

Primary target

GLP-1 receptor (class B GPCR)Koole 2015

G-actin (sequestering) + cell-surface integrinsGoldstein 2012

Pathway

GLP-1R activation → cAMP production → PKA signaling → insulin secretion (pancreatic β-cells)Lu 2025 Koole 2015

Actin remodelling → cell migration; integrin-linked signaling → angiogenesis; anti-inflammatory cytokine modulationGoldstein 2012 Malinda 1999

Downstream effect

Glucose-dependent insulin release, glucagon suppression, delayed gastric emptying, reduced food intakeLu 2025 Ding 2017

Accelerated wound healing, endothelial migration, hair follicle regeneration, cardiac repair (preclinical)Goldstein 2012

Feedback intact?

Yes — physiological secretion and degradation preserved

Endogenous protein at baseline; supplementation amplifies

Origin

Endogenous peptide cleaved from proglucagon in intestinal L cells; secreted postprandially

17-AA active fragment of endogenous 43-AA thymosin β4 (TMSB4X gene)Goldstein 2012

Antibody development

—

02Dosage Protocols

Parameter

GLP-1 (7-37)

TB-500

Clinical use

None — native GLP-1 not used therapeutically

Engineered analogues (semaglutide, liraglutide) used clinically.Friedman 2024

—

Research dosing

Variable — 0.1–10 nmol/kg in animal models

Used as reference standard for analogue comparison.

—

Half-life

~2 minutes (plasma)Alavi 2021 Ding 2017

Requires continuous infusion for sustained effect.

~2 hours (estimated; tissue uptake longer)

Modified analogues

t½ extended to 13 h (liraglutide), 165 h (semaglutide)

Via DPP-4 resistance + fatty acid acylation.

—

Standard dose

—

2 mg per injectionGoldstein 2012

Anecdotal community range; clinical Phase 2 trials used 70–840 mcg/kg IV.

Frequency

—

2× per week (loading); then 1× per week (maintenance)

Lower / starter dose

—

1 mg per injection

Evidence basis

—

Animal-strong + Phase 2 dermal/ocular trialsGoldstein 2012

Duration

—

4–8 weeks loading; longer maintenance for chronic injury

Reconstitution

—

Bacteriostatic water, 1–2 mL per 5 mg vial

Timing

—

Evening or pre-rest preferred (anecdotal)

03Metabolic / Fat Loss Evidence

Parameter

GLP-1 (7-37)

TB-500

Mechanism

GLP-1R activation in hypothalamic satiety centers (arcuate nucleus) reduces food intakeLu 2025

Effect demonstrated with long-acting analogues (liraglutide).Lu 2025

—

Native GLP-1 efficacy

Minimal — rapid degradation prevents sustained appetite suppression

—

Gastric emptying

Delayed in animal models, contributing to satiety

—

Body weight impact

Not observed with native GLP-1 — requires analogue formulations

—

04Side Effects & Safety

Parameter

GLP-1 (7-37)

TB-500

Native GLP-1

Well-tolerated in research settings; no prolonged exposure data

—

Hypoglycemia risk

Low — insulin secretion is glucose-dependent

—

Analogue side effects

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (GLP-1R agonists)

Not applicable to native GLP-1 due to non-therapeutic use.

—

GLP-1 resistance

High glucose-induced PKCβ overexpression may reduce GLP-1 responsiveness in endothelial cellsPujadas 2016

—

Injection site reaction

—

Mild erythema, transient pain

GI symptoms

—

Rare nausea (anecdotal)

Cancer risk

—

Theoretical via angiogenesis pathway

Lethargy / fatigue

—

Reported anecdotally during loading phase

Antibody formation

—

No data (no long-term human trials)

Pregnancy / OB

—

Avoid

Long-term safety

—

Unknown beyond Phase 2

Absolute Contraindications

GLP-1 (7-37)

—

TB-500

·Active malignancy (theoretical angiogenesis concern)
·Pregnancy / breastfeeding

Relative Contraindications

GLP-1 (7-37)

—

TB-500

·Cancer history
·Concurrent VEGF inhibitor therapy

05Administration Protocol

Parameter

GLP-1 (7-37)

TB-500

1. Research use only

Native GLP-1(7-37) is not formulated for therapeutic use. Administered IV or SC in experimental protocols to study GLP-1R pharmacology and as reference standard for analogue development.

Add 1–2 mL bacteriostatic water to 5 mg vial → 2.5–5 mg/mL. Roll gently.

2. Storage

Lyophilised peptide stored at -20°C or below. Reconstituted solutions should be prepared fresh and used immediately due to rapid degradation.

SQ near injury site (preferred), or systemic SQ (abdomen). Rotate sites.

3. Clinical alternatives

For therapeutic GLP-1R activation, use FDA-approved long-acting analogues: semaglutide (once weekly), liraglutide (once daily), dulaglutide (once weekly), or exenatide (twice daily or once weekly).

Evening or pre-sleep is most common anecdotal timing.

4. Storage

—

Lyophilised: room temp, light-protected. Reconstituted: refrigerate, ≤30 days.

5. Needle

—

27–31G, 4–8 mm insulin syringe.

06Stack Synergy

GLP-1 (7-37)

— no documented stacks

TB-500

+ BPC-157

Strong

View BPC-157 →

TB-500 and BPC-157 cover complementary halves of tissue repair: BPC-157 upregulates VEGFR2-driven angiogenesis and fibroblast outgrowth; TB-500 sequesters G-actin to enable endothelial / epithelial migration. The anecdotal canonical "healing stack" — pairs especially well for tendon and ligament injuries.

TB-500: 2 mg SQ · 2× per week
BPC-157: 250–500 mcg SQ · daily
Primary benefit: Combined angiogenesis + cell migration for tendon/ligament/muscle repair