Side-by-side · Research reference
HumaninvsPinealon
Side-by-side comparison across mechanism, dosage, evidence, side effects, administration, and stack synergies. Citations on every claim where available.
AAnimal-StrongHUMAN-REVIEWED14/52 cited
BHuman-MechanisticAUTO-DRAFTED12/36 cited
Humanin
Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide · Cytoprotective
SQ · Experimental
Pinealon
Pineal-derived · Neuroprotective
SQ or IM · Daily for 10 days · 1-2×/year
01Mechanism of Action
Parameter
Humanin
Pinealon
Primary target
Intracellular: Bax, Bim, tBid (pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family). Extracellular: FPRL1/2 G-protein-coupled receptorsZhu 2022Lue 2021
Antioxidant defense + neuronal gene expression (proposed)Khavinson 2014
Pathway
Humanin binds Bax/Bim → inhibits mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) → blocks cytochrome c release → prevents caspase activation → cell survival
Modulation of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase) + neurotrophic factor expressionKhavinson 2014
Downstream effect
Suppression of apoptosis, mitochondrial stabilization, reduced oxidative stress, preservation of germ cells and neurons under stressZhu 2022Lue 2021Velentza 2024
Reduced oxidative stress in neurons; improved cognitive function in age-related declineKhavinson 2014
Feedback intact?
Not applicable — peptide acts as anti-apoptotic signal, not hormonal axis
—
Origin
Encoded by short open reading frame in mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene (MTRNR2). 24-28 amino acids. 13 homologous variants (MTRNR2L1-L13) identified.Zhu 2022Shahzaib 2026
Synthetic 4-AA peptide derived from pineal gland extractKhavinson 2014
Antibody development
Not reported in animal models
—
02Dosage Protocols
Parameter
Humanin
Pinealon
Standard experimental dose (HNG)
4 mg/kg IP (rat)
Most common dose in rodent models.
—
Ex vivo bone culture
1 µg/mL
Protective against venetoclax-induced bone growth retardation.
—
Frequency
Daily (IP)
Once daily during cycle
Duration
8–12 weeks in animal studies
10-day cycles, 1–2× per year
Evidence basis
Animal models (rat, mouse)Huang 2025El 2022Velentza 2024
Russian clinical trials + in vitroKhavinson 2014
Human data
None — no clinical trials reported
—
Analog (HNG)
Gly[14]-humanin — more potent variant
Substitution at position 14 enhances cytoprotective activity.
—
Lower / starter dose
—
2.5 mg / day
Reconstitution
—
Bacteriostatic water
Timing
—
No specific time
Half-life
—
Hours
03Metabolic / Fat Loss Evidence
Parameter
Humanin
Pinealon
Direct fat loss evidence
None
—
Mechanism overlap
Mitochondrial health may indirectly influence metabolic efficiency, but no quantified effect
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04Side Effects & Safety
Parameter
Humanin
Pinealon
Animal model safety
Well-tolerated in rat and mouse studies at 4 mg/kg for 8–12 weeks
—
Human safety data
None — no clinical trials
—
Theoretical fibrillation risk
Induces amyloid-like fibrillation of Bax/BID. Long-term sequelae unknown.
—
Injection site reaction
Not reported in animal studies (IP route)
Mild irritation
Reproductive safety
Protective in POI model (cyclophosphamide-induced), no adverse effects on fertility notedHuang 2025
—
Long-term safety
—
Limited Western data
Pregnancy / OB
—
Avoid
Absolute Contraindications
Humanin
- ·Unknown — no human data
Pinealon
- ·Pregnancy / breastfeeding
Relative Contraindications
Humanin
- ·Active malignancy (theoretical risk of anti-apoptotic effect on tumour cells)
Pinealon
- ·Active malignancy (theoretical via gene expression modulation)
05Administration Protocol
Parameter
Humanin
Pinealon
1. Route (experimental)
Intraperitoneal (IP) in animal models. Subcutaneous route untested. No human protocols exist.
Add 1–2 mL bacteriostatic water to 10 mg vial.
2. Reconstitution
Synthetic peptide reconstituted in sterile saline or PBS. No commercial formulation available.
SQ — abdomen preferred.
3. Timing
Daily administration in animal studies. Optimal timing not characterized.
Daily during cycle, any time.
4. Storage
Lyophilised powder: -20 °C. Reconstituted: 4 °C, use within 7 days. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
Lyophilised: room temp. Reconstituted: refrigerate ≤30 days.
5. Human use
No FDA approval, no IND, no clinical trials. Experimental research tool only.
29–31G, 4–8 mm insulin syringe.
06Stack Synergy
Humanin
+ MOTS-c
Multi-pathwayBoth are mitochondrial-derived peptides. MOTS-c enhances metabolic efficiency and insulin sensitivity via AMPK activation, while humanin prevents mitochondrial apoptosis. Combined, they address mitochondrial function (MOTS-c) and survival signaling (humanin), supporting cellular resilience under metabolic and oxidative stress.
- Humanin
- 4 mg/kg IP · daily (animal model)
- MOTS-c
- 5 mg/kg IP · daily (animal model)
- Frequency
- Once daily
- Primary benefit
- Mitochondrial health, metabolic efficiency, anti-apoptotic signaling
Pinealon
+ Epitalon
ModeratePinealon (neuroprotection) + Epitalon (telomerase activation) form the canonical Khavinson "longevity stack" — both pineal-derived bioregulators with complementary axes. Pinealon supports neuronal antioxidant defense; Epitalon supports telomere maintenance. Anecdotally cycled together 1–2× per year.
- Pinealon
- 5–10 mg SQ · daily × 10 days
- Epitalon
- 5–10 mg SQ · daily × 10 days (overlap or alternate)
- Primary benefit
- Neuroprotection + telomere preservation